Table 5.

Identified compounds from N. alba leaf and root extracts and their biological properties.

No.	Identified Compounds from N. alba Extracts	Biologic Properties	References
1	HHDP-hexoside	antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and apoptotic properties; antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa;	[59,60,61,62]
2	Quinic acid	induces cancer cell death by modulating the expression of Akt, phospho-Akt, and cell cycle pathway; anti-prostate cancer, attenuates Alzheimer’s disease	[63,64,65]
3	Vanillic acid	antibacterial, antioxidant and antihypertensive activities, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory, effects against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis	[66,67,68,69]
4	Gallic acid	antiviral and antioxidant activities, anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, downregulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis, and stimulating a cellular immune response	[24,70,71,72,73]
5	Castalin	antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory	[74]
6	Chlorogenic acid	inhibiting gene β-catenin and inducting genes GSK-3β, antispasmodic and antioxidant activities, inhibition of the HIV-1 integrase and inhibition of the mutagenicity of carcinogenic compounds	[75,76]
7	Corilagin	anticancer, anti-hyperalgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antitumor actions, induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death	[24,73,77,78]
8	Brevifolin	antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer	[61]
9	Caffeic acid	inhibiting gene β-catenin and inducting genes GSK-3β, antispasmodic and antioxidant activities	[75,76]
10	p-Coumaric acid	anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities, antispasmodic and antioxidant activities	[61,76,79]
11	Tannic acid	anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, downregulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis, and stimulating a cellular immune response, Antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities	[24,80,81]
12	Rutin	antioxidant activity, apoptosis, down regulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis antimetastatic, induces glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities	[23,82,83]
13	Ellagic acid	anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, downregulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis, and stimulating a cellular immune response; antioxidant and antiviral activities, inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase	[24,72,84,85]
14	Ellagic acid rhamnosyl	anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, downregulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis, and stimulating a cellular immune response	[24,73]
15	Quercetin	apoptosis, down regulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis inhibited melanoma cell inhibits development of Candida spp.; antifungal	[23,39,59]
16	Ellagic acid-pentoside	anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, downregulating genes involved in cell cycle and angiogenesis, and stimulating a cellular immune response, antioxidant activity	[24,73,84]
17	Naringenin	anticancer effect arrests cell development at the G0/G1 phase; inhibits Candida spp. growth	[39,43,60]
18	Naringin	anticancer effect arrests cell development at the G0/G1 phase; inhibits Candida spp. growth	[39,43,60]
20	Luteolin	anticancer associated with the induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis	[60,86]
21	Ferulic acid	synergistic effects against Candida albicans; anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, antispasmodic and antioxidant activities	[76,87]
22	Cinnamic acid derivative	anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial activities	[79]
23	Catechin	anticancer activity	[60,88]
24	Epicatechin	anticancer activity	[60,88]
25	Apigenin	anticancer effect by arresting cell development at the G0/G1 phase; the inhibition of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)	[60]
26	Orientin	antioxidant, antiviral and antibacterial activities, anti-inflammatory neuroprotective or antidepressant-like effects	[89]