Table 1.
Distribution of West Nile virus (WNV)-infected bird lesions in natural and experimental infections. Modified from Gamino and Höfle [95].
| Order | ACCI | ANSE | CHAR | CICO | FALC | GALL | PASS | PELE | PHOE | PSIT | STRI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family | ACCI | ANAT | LARI | ARDE | FALC | PHAS | CORV | LANI | PASS | FRIN | PHAL | PHOE | PSIT | STRO | STRI |
| Brain | |||||||||||||||
| Perivascular cuffs | + | + | + | ND | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + |
| Gliosis/glial nodules | + | + | + | ND | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | + |
| Meningeal inflammation | + | + | − | ND | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + |
| Neuronal degeneration and necrosis | + | + | + | ND | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + |
| Vasculitis | + | − | − | ND | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Hemorrhage | + | − | − | ND | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | + |
| Spinal cord | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | + | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | NT | ND | NT | ND | ND | ND | NT | + |
| Neuronal degeneration and necrosis | − | + | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | NT | ND | NT | ND | ND | ND | NT | + |
| Peripheral nervous system | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | − | ND | ND | + | + | − | NT | NT | NT | ND | ND | ND | NT | + |
| Eye | |||||||||||||||
| Retinitis | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | ND | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | + | NT | + |
| Retinal necrosis | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | ND | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | NT | − |
| Pectenitis | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | + | ND | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | NT | − |
| Uveitis (inc. iris, choroid, ciliary body) | + | NT | NT | NT | + | + | ND | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | NT | − |
| Heart | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | NT | + |
| Myofiber necrosis | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | NT | + |
| Myofibril lysis and mineralization | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | NT | − |
| Vasculitis | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | NT | − |
| Hemorrhage | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | NT | − |
| Gastrointestinal tract | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | − | ND | ND | − | + | + | − | ND | − | − | − | + | NT | + |
| Enterocyte necrosis | − | + | ND | ND | − | + | + | − | ND | − | − | − | − | NT | + |
| Crypt necrosis | − | − | ND | ND | − | − | + | + | ND | − | + | + | + | NT | + |
| Hemorrhage | − | + | ND | ND | − | − | + | − | ND | − | − | + | − | NT | − |
| Liver | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | + | ND | ND | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | + |
| Hepatocyte necrosis | + | + | ND | ND | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Vasculitis | − | − | ND | ND | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Bile duct hyperplasia | + | − | ND | ND | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | − |
| Hemosiderosis | + | − | ND | ND | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | + |
| Hemorrhage | + | − | ND | ND | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Kidney | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation (interstitial) | + | + | ND | + | + | + | + | ND | + | + | + | + | + | NT | + |
| Tubular necrosis | + | + | ND | − | − | + | + | ND | + | + | − | − | + | NT | + |
| Glomerular necrosis | − | − | ND | − | − | − | − | ND | − | − | − | − | + | NT | + |
| Vasculitis | − | − | ND | − | + | − | − | ND | − | − | − | − | − | NT | − |
| Hemorrhage | − | + | ND | − | − | − | − | ND | − | − | − | − | − | NT | − |
| Lung | NT | ||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | + | − | ND | ND | − | + | + | − | + | − | ND | ND | − | NT | + |
| Necrosis | + | − | ND | ND | − | − | + | − | − | − | ND | ND | − | NT | + |
| Vasculitis | − | − | ND | ND | − | − | + | − | − | − | ND | ND | − | NT | − |
| Edema | + | − | ND | ND | + | − | − | + | + | − | ND | ND | − | NT | − |
| Spleen | |||||||||||||||
| Lymphoid necrosis/apoptosis | + | + | ND | + | − | + | + | + | − | + | + | ND | + | NT | + |
| Lymphoid depletion | + | + | ND | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | ND | − | NT | + |
| Fibrin deposition | − | − | ND | + | − | + | − | + | − | − | + | ND | − | NT | + |
| Hemorrhage | − | + | ND | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ND | − | NT | − |
| Hemosiderosis | + | + | ND | − | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | ND | − | NT | + |
| Vasculitis | − | − | ND | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | ND | − | NT | − |
| Other lymphoid organs | |||||||||||||||
| Thymic lymphoid necrosis | NT | + | NT | NT | NT | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | − | NT | + |
| Bursal epithelial atrophy−apoptosis | + | − | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | NT | − | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | + |
| Bursal lymphoid atrophy−apoptosis | + | + | NT | NT | NT | + | NT | NT | + | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | + |
| Bone marrow necrosis | ND | − | NT | NT | NT | − | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | ND |
| Endocrine system | |||||||||||||||
| Pancreatic necrosis | − | + | ND | ND | − | + | − | + | ND | − | − | + | + | NT | + |
| Pancreatic inflammation | + | + | ND | ND | + | + | − | − | ND | − | + | + | + | NT | + |
| Adrenal gland necrosis | − | ND | ND | ND | NT | + | − | NT | NT | NT | ND | ND | + | NT | − |
| Adrenal gland inflammation | + | ND | ND | ND | NT | + | + | NT | NT | NT | ND | ND | + | NT | + |
| Thyroid gland necrosis | − | + | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | ND |
| Thyroid gland inflammation | + | − | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | ND | NT | ND |
| Skin | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | ND | + | NT | NT | NT | − | NT | ND | NT | − | NT | NT | + | NT | − |
| Skeletal muscle | |||||||||||||||
| Myofibril degeneration and necrosis | + | − | NT | NT | + | − | ND | NT | NT | − | NT | NT | + | NT | + |
| Inflammation | + | − | NT | NT | + | + | ND | NT | NT | − | NT | NT | + | NT | + |
| Fibrosis | + | − | NT | NT | − | − | ND | NT | NT | − | NT | NT | − | NT | + |
| Gonads | |||||||||||||||
| Inflammation | − | − | ND | ND | − | + | NT | ND | NT | NT | ND | ND | − | NT | + |
| Necrosis | − | − | ND | ND | − | − | NT | ND | NT | NT | ND | ND | − | NT | + |
Order: ACCI: Accipitriformes, ANSE: Anseriformes, CHAR: Charadriiformes, CICO: Ciconiiformes, FALC: Falconiformes, GALL: Galliformes, PASS: Passeriformes, PELE: Pelecaniformes, PHOE: Phoenicopteriformes, PSIT: Psittaciformes, and STRI: Strigiformes. Family: ACCI: Accipitridae, ANAT: Anatidae, LARI: Laridae, ARDE: Ardeidae, FALC: Falconidae, PHAS: Phasianidae, CORV: Corvidae, LANI Laniidae, PASS: Passeridae, FRIN: Fringillidae, PHAL: Phalacrocoracidae, PHOE: Phoenicopteridae, PSIT: Psittacidae, STRO: Strigopidae, and STRI: Strigidae. ND: No described lesion. Tissues were collected at necropsy but no description of lesions (present or absent) is provided. NT: Tissue not tested. Tissue not analyzed in the necropsy. +: Lesion present. Lesion described by at least one author for the tissue. −: Lesion absent. Lesion stated as absent or not specifically described by any author for the tissue.