Table 3.
Potential risk-associated factors for bovine anaplasmosis in Egypt.
| c ELISA | Real Time PCR | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | No. of Positive Animals (No. of Suspicious Samples) | Seropositive | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) Pos. (Pos. plus Suspicious) |
Chi Square (df) (p-Value) |
No. of Positive Animals (Suspicious) | DNA Positive Samples | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | Chi Square (df) (p-Value) |
|||
| Proportion in Positive Animals (Suspicious) | Proportion in Total Animals (Suspicious) | |||||||||||
| Domain | Western Domain |
61 (22) | 43.57% (55%) | 61/337 = 18.10% (6.52%) | 18.10% | 1.09 | 14.1–22.6% | χ2(4) = 2.23; p = 0.69 |
16 (9) | 4.74% | 2.7–7.6% | χ2(6) = 9.01; p = 0.17 |
| Nile Delta | 54 (11) | 38.57% (27.5%) | 54/283 = 19.08% (3.88%) | 19.08% | 0.92 | 14.7–24.2% | 20 (1) | 7.1% | 4.4–10.7% | |||
| Eastern Domain |
25 (7) | 17.85 (17.5%) | 25/138 = 18.11% (5.07%) | 18.11% | 0.99 | 12.1–25.6% | 4 (3) | 2.9% | 0.8–7.3% | |||
| Total | 140 (40) | 140/758 = 18.46% (5.27%) | 18.5% | ND | 15.8–21.4% | 40 (13) | 5.3% | 3.8–7.1% | ||||
| Animal age group | ≤4 years | 56 (17) | 40% (42.5%) | 18.54% (5.62%) | 18.54% | 1.02 | 14.3–23.4% | χ2(2) = 0.144; p = 0.93 |
19 (7) | 6.3% | 3.8–9.7% | χ2(3) = 2.57; p = 0.46 |
| >4 years | 84 (23) | 60% (57.5%) | 18.42% (5.04%) | 18.42% | 0.98 | 15.0–22.3% | 21 (6) | 4.60% | 2.9–7% | |||
| Animal husbandry | Stable/Stationary | 79 (18) | 56.42% (45%) | 19.08% (4.34%) | 19.1% | 0.96 | 15.4–23.2% | χ2(6) = 8.30; p = 0.21 |
24 (4) | 5.8% | 3.7–8.5% | χ2(9) = 8.82; p = 0.69 |
| Nomadic | 51 (22) | 36.42% (55%) | 16.45% (7.09%) | 16.5% | 0.98 | 12.5–21.1% | 13 (8) | 4.2% | 2.3–7.1% | |||
| Nomadic & Pasture | 10 | 7.14% | 29.41% | 29.41% | 1.34 | 15.1–47.5% | 3 (1) | 8.8% | 1.9–23.7% | |||
| Tick infestation | 91 (27) | 65% (67.5%) | 21.51% (6.38%) | 19.45% | 1.71 | 17.7–25.7% | χ2(2) = 9.36; p = 0.009a |
26 (11) | 6.1% | 4.1–8.9% | χ2(3) = 11.74; p = 0.45 | |
| Animals kept separate | 79 (18) | 56.42% (45%) | 19.45% (4.43%) | 19.5% | 1.02 | 15.7–23.6% | χ2(2) = 1.64; p = 0.44 |
24 (4) | 5.9% | 3.8–8.7% | χ2(4) = 3.38; p = 0.33 | |
| Another animal species living on farm | 6 (1) | 25% (4%) | 24% (4%) | 24% | ND | 9.4–45.1% | ND | 1 (2) | 4% | 0.1–20.4% | ND | |
Chi-square analysis calculated by ignoring the missing samples to avoid a high percentage of expected frequency below 5.a Demonstrated significant association for tick infestation. Both assays were conducted in duplicate. ‘suspicious’ means that samples have only one positive result.