Table 3.

Summary of existing evidence for I. ricinus borne microorganisms disease causality in Europe and current knowledge gaps based on the systematic literature search of this study and case reports between 1 January 2008 and 1 March 2018. The table describes the number of European derived cases, cultivation, and propagation from patients or tick materials, evidence from case reports reflecting the pathology in animal models or in vitro observations and transmission experiments in laboratory or wild animals. In addition, shown for comparison B. burgdorferi s.l. and TBEV, both established TBPs [150,151,152].

Tick-Borne Microorganism	European Derived Cases	Cultivated from		Pathology	Transmission Experiments
		Ticks	Patients
B. burgdorferi s.l.	+	+	+	+	+
TBE virus	+	+	+	+	+
A. phagocytophilum	+	-	+	+	+/&
B. divergens	+	-	+	+	+
B. microti	-	-	-	+	+
B. venatorum	+	-	-	+	+
B. miyamotoi	+	+	-	-	+/#
N. mikurensis	+	-	+	-	-
R. helvetica	+	+	+	-	-
R. monacensis	+	+	+	-	-

+: Published evidence, -: No evidence, +/&: Transmission experiments with wild animals/ticks and laboratory animals, +/#: Published and unpublished evidence.