Table 1.
Programs adopting at least one eHeath tool by health system characteristics of countries (% of programs)a.
| Health system characteristics | All programs % (n) | With explicit focus on older people 65+ % (n) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| National health modelb | N = 84 | N = 42 | 0.483e |
| National Health Service (NHS) | 67.9 (57) | 71.4 (30) | |
| Social Insurance System/Transition Countries (SIS/TC) | 32.1 (27) | 28.6 (12) | |
| SIS | 21.4 (18) | 16.7 (7) | |
| TC | 10.7 (9) | 11.9 (5) | |
| Strength of primary care (PC)c | N = 83 | N = 42 | 0.531e |
| Strong/medium | 67.5 (56) | 64.3 (27) | |
| Strong | 42.2 (35) | 40.5 (17) | |
| Medium | 25.3 (21) | 23.8 (10) | |
| Weak | 32.5 (27) | 35.7 (15) | |
| Level of (de)centralization of health systemd | N = 85 | N = 42 | 0.595 |
| Decentralized | 60.0 (51) | 57.1 (24) | |
| Centralized | 40.0 (34) | 42.9 (18) |
aFor details on countries of each group cfr. Measures section and Appendix A Table S1 (as Supplementary material) in this paper. bDetermined in 2007/2013, based on Codagnone and Lupiañez-Villanueva, 2013 [32], and Brennan and colleagues, 2015 [47]. Data on Switzerland (i.e., regarding one program with eHealth) is not included, given that this country was not classified by Codagnone and Brennan. cDetermined in 2009/2010, based on Kringos and colleagues, 2013 [68], and Detollenaere and colleagues, 2017 [50]. Data on Croatia (i.e., regarding two programs with eHealth) is not included, given that this country was not classified by Kringos and Detollenaere. dDerived from descriptive data in countries' latest (in 2013, year when the ICARE4EU project was initiated) health system review published in the WHO, Health System in Transition series (years from 2008 to 2013) [69]. ep values regard the integrated classification SIS/TC and strong/medium PC.