Table 3.
eHealth tools (at least one) adopted in the programs, by categories (single tools and groups) and health system characteristics of countries (% of programs)a.
| eHealth tools | National health model | p value | Strength of PC | p value | Level of (de)centralization | p value | All programs N = 85 % (n) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS N = 57 % (n) |
SIS/TC N = 27 % (n) |
Strong/medium N = 56 % (n) |
Weak N = 27 % (n) |
Decentralized N = 51 % (n) |
Centralized N = 34 % (n) |
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| Remote Consultation, Monitoring, and Care b | 68.4 (39) | 66.7 (18) | 0.872 | 73.2 (41) | 55.6 (15) | 0.108 | 76.5 (39) | 55.9 (19) | 0.046 | 68.2 (58) |
| Monitoring health status parameters by providers | 31.6 (18) | 37.0 (10) | 0.620 | 33.9 (19) | 29.6 (8) | 0.695 | 37.3 (19) | 26.5 (9) | 0.300 | 32.9 (28) |
| Communication between care provider/patientc | 33.3 (19) | 18.5 (5) | 0.160 | 28.6 (16) | 29.6 (8) | 0.921 | 27.5 (14) | 32.4 (11) | 0.627 | 29.4 (25) |
| Monitoring/interaction at distance (e.g., by video) | 29.8 (17) | 22.2 (6) | 0.466 | 28.6 (16) | 25.9 (7) | 0.801 | 33.3 (17) | 17.6 (6) | 0.111 | 27.1 (23) |
| Online appointment scheduling | 26.3 (15) | 25.9 (7) | 0.970 | 30.4 (17) | 14.8 (4) | 0.127 | 29.4 (15) | 20.6 (7) | 0.363 | 25.9 (22) |
| Registration health status parameters by patients | 24.6 (14) | 25.9 (7) | 0.893 | 21.4 (12) | 25.9 (7) | 0.648 | 19.6 (10) | 32.4 (11) | 0.182 | 24.7 (21) |
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| Self-Management b | 45.6 (26) | 22.2 (6) | 0.039 | 39.3 (22) | 33.3 (9) | 0.599 | 37.3 (19) | 41.2 (14) | 0.716 | 38.8 (33) |
| Electronic reminders | 29.8 (17) | 18.5 (5) | 0.271 | 26.8 (15) | 22.2 (6) | 0.654 | 27.5 (14) | 23.5 (8) | 0.686 | 25.9 (22) |
| Computerized self-management tools | 28.1 (16) | 14.8 (4) | 0.183 | 23.2 (13) | 22.2 (6) | 0.920 | 21.6 (11) | 29.4 (10) | 0.411 | 24.7 (21) |
| Online decision supports | 3.5 (2) | 3.7 (1) | 0.964 | 1.8 (1) | 7.4 (2) | 0.199 | 3.9 (2) | 2.9 (1) | 0.810 | 3.5 (3) |
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| Healthcare Management b | 100.0 (57) | 100.0 (27) | — | 100.0 (56) | 100.0 (27) | — | 100.0 (51) | 100.0 (34) | — | 100.0 (85) |
| Databases with patients' health data | 70.2 (40) | 51.9 (14) | 0.102 | 60.7 (34) | 66.7 (18) | 0.599 | 68.6 (35) | 55.9 (19) | 0.232 | 63.5 (54) |
| ICT-based communication between care providers | 50.9 (29) | 37.0 (10) | 0.235 | 51.8 (29) | 40.7 (11) | 0.345 | 47.1 (24) | 47.1 (16) | 1.000 | 47.1 (40) |
| Systems providing warning messages/information | 40.4 (23) | 25.9 (7) | 0.198 | 41.1 (23) | 22.2 (6) | 0.092 | 43.1 (22) | 23.5 (8) | 0.064 | 35.3 (30) |
| eReferral systems | 38.6 (22) | 22.2 (6) | 0.137 | 39.3 (22) | 18.5 (5) | 0.058 | 41.2 (21) | 20.6 (7) | 0.048 | 32.9 (28) |
| Electronic reminders | 28.1 (16) | 25.9 (7) | 0.837 | 32.1 (18) | 18.5 (5) | 0.194 | 35.3 (18) | 14.7 (5) | 0.036 | 27.1 (23) |
| PHRs | 0.443 | 0.050 | 0.055 | |||||||
| Used | 19.3 (11) | 11.1 (3) | 25.0 (14) | 3.7 (1) | 25.5 (13) | 5.9 (2) | 17.6 (15) | |||
| Planned | 5.3 (3) | 11.1 (3) | 5.4 (3) | 11.1 (3) | 7.8 (4) | 5.9 (2) | 7.1 (6) | |||
| EHRs | 0.233 | 0.336 | 0.183 | |||||||
| Used | 73.7 (42) | 63.0 (17) | 71.4 (40) | 70.4 (19) | 72.5 (37) | 67.6 (23) | 70.6 (60) | |||
| Planned | 8.8 (5) | 22.2 (6) | 8.9(5) | 18.5 (5) | 7.8 (4) | 20.6 (7) | 12.9 (11) | |||
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| Health Data Analytics b | 42.1 (24) | 37.0 (10) | 0.659 | 51.8 (29) | 11.1 (3) | <0.001 | 56.9 (29) | 14.7 (5) | <0.001 | 40.0 (34) |
| Computerized decision supports | 35.1 (20) | 37.0 (10) | 0.862 | 44.6 (25) | 11.1 (3) | 0.002 | 49.0 (25) | 14.7 (5) | 0.001 | 35.3 (30) |
| Online decision supports | 19.3 (11) | 7.4 (2) | 0.159 | 21.4 (12) | 3.7 (1) | 0.037 | 25.5 (13) | 0.0 (0) | 0.001 | 15.3 (13) |
aMultiple answers were allowed. Each item had a yes/no format. bAt least one eHealth tool of the respective group (of tools) was adopted in the programs. cIncluding ePrescription.