Table 4.
Multivariate analyses for factors associated with astigmatism ≥1.5 diopters (N = 4801)
| Multivariate Model 1: without including spherical equivalent * | Multivariate Model 2: including spherical equivalent§ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P-value |
| Grade | < 0.0001 | 0.65 | ||
| Kindergarten | Reference | Reference | ||
| Grade 1 | 1.08 (0.63, 1.87) | 1.13 (0.64, 2.00) | ||
| Grade 2 | 0.94 (0.54, 1.64) | 0.91 (0.51, 1.62) | ||
| Grade 3 | 1.09 (0.64, 1.85) | 0.96 (0.55, 1.68) | ||
| Grade 4 | 1.03 (0.60, 1.77) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.68) | ||
| Grade 5 | 1.55 (0.94, 2.56) | 1.05 (0.60, 1.81) | ||
| Grade 6 | 2.16 (1.35, 3.55) | 1.26 (0.74, 2.15) | ||
| Grade 7 | 2.22 (1.38, 3.55) | 1.16 (0.67, 1.95) | ||
| Grade 8 | 2.37 (1.48, 3.81) | 1.07 (0.61, 1.79) | ||
| Grade 9 | 3.06 (1.92, 4.85) | 1.26 (0.73, 2.10) | ||
| Grade 10 | 4.06 (2.60, 6.35) | 1.41 (0.82, 2.31) | ||
| Grade 11 | 3.55 (2.26, 5.59) | 1.15 (0.69, 1.96) | ||
| Grade 12 | 2.98 (1.89, 4.69) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.07) | ||
| Gender | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Male | 1.50 (1.27, 1.78) | 1.65 (1.39,1.98) | ||
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| School location | 0.11 | 0.18 | ||
| Urban | 1.15 (0.97, 1.38) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.36) | ||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | ||
| Spherical equivalent of more astigmatic eye (Diopters) | < 0.0001 | |||
| ≤ −6 | 20.3 (13.5, 30.6) | |||
| > −6, ≤ −5 | 8.05 (5.18, 12.7) | |||
| > −5, ≤ −4 | 5.48 (3.68, 8.47) | |||
| > −4, ≤ −3 | 4.00 (2.69, 6.10) | |||
| > −3, ≤ −2 | 2.12 (1.45, 3.42) | |||
| > −2, ≤ −1 | 2.05 (1.39, 3.10) | |||
| > −1, ≤ −0.5 | 1.42 (0.90, 2.24) | |||
| > −0.5, < 0.5 | Reference | |||
| ≥ 0.5, < 1.0 | 2.94 (1.69, 5.12) | |||
| ≥ 1.0 | 10.3 (6.16, 17.1) | |||
*Multivariate model 1 included grade, gender and school location
§Multivariate model 2 included grade, gender, school location and spherical equivalent