Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in GDM and control groups
| GDM (n = 314) | Control (n = 1832) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 32.10 ± 3.02 | 31.66 ± 3.01 | 0.018 |
| Height (m) | 1.63 ± 0.04 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 0.106 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.42 ± 7.25 | 59.76 ± 7.11 | 0.128 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.86 ± 3.07 | 22.46 ± 2.87 | 0.026 |
| Gravidaa | 1 | 1 | 0.504 |
| Parity | 0 | 0 | 0.734 |
| Family history of diabetes | 21 (7%) | 94 (5%) | 0.258 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 74.26 ± 8.04 | 73.36 ± 9.11 | 0.100 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.71 ± 5.71 | 115.20 ± 6.33 | 0.184 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.05 ± 6.00 | 72.87 ± 5.45 | 0.585 |
| Triglyceride | |||
| mg/dL | 233.68 ± 61.59 | 224.81 ± 61.61 | 0.018 |
| mmol/L | 2.65 ± 0.70 | 2.55 ± 0.70 | 0.018 |
| Total cholesterol | |||
| mg/dL | 240.92 ± 29.22 | 236.45 ± 30.19 | 0.015 |
| mmol/L | 6.26 ± 0.76 | 6.15 ± 0.78 | 0.015 |
| HDL-C | |||
| mg/dL | 68.10 ± 9.01 | 69.31 ± 6.99 | 0.007 |
| mmol/L | 1.76 ± 0.23 | 1.79 ± 0.18 | 0.007 |
| LDL-C | |||
| mg/dL | 129.37 ± 22.12 | 130.94 ± 21.82 | 0.239 |
| mmol/L | 3.36 ± 0.58 | 3.40 ± 0.57 | 0.239 |
| EAT thickness (mm) | 6.57 ± 0.79 | 5.49 ± 1.05 | < 0.001 |
BMI Body mass index, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, EAT Epicardial adipose tissue, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP Systolic blood pressure. All the parameters (except for gravida, parity, and family history) were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Gravida and parity were expressed as the median
aGravida describes the total number of confirmed pregnancies that a woman has had, regardless of the outcome