Table 8.
Dietary intake outcomes in GRIT program completers (n = 23)
| Measure | Baseline | 12-weeks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)a | p-value | ||
| Food Percentage Contribution to Daily Energy Intake | |||
| Core | 55.7 ± 17.0 | 61.7 ± 12.4 | 0.02* |
| Non-core | 44.3 ± 17.0 | 38.4 ± 12.4 | 0.02* |
| Vegetables | 4.0 (2.0–5.0) | 4.5 (2.0–7.0) | 0.38 |
| Fruit | 7.8 ± 4.3 | 10.1 ± 7.4 | 0.12 |
| Grains | 15.0 (8.0–19.0) | 15.5 (10.3–18.8) | 0.86 |
| Meat | 12.6 ± 6.0 | 14.7 ± 7.8 | 0.21 |
| Meat alternatives | 2.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.8) | 0.64 |
| Dairy | 9.0 (8.0–17.0) | 11.5 (7.0–22.0) | 0.41 |
| Sweet drinks | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 2.0 (1.0–4.8) | 0.89 |
| Packaged snacks | 6.0 (3.0–10.0) | 4.5 (3.0–9.8) | 0.73 |
| Confectionary | 6.0 (4.0–12.0) | 5.0 (4.0–8.8) | 0.003* |
| Baked products | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 0.02* |
| Takeaway | 9.0 (8.0–16.0) | 10.0 (9.0–16.8) | 0.78 |
| Condiments | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.12 |
| Fatty meats | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.23 |
| Australian Recommended Food Scores | |||
| Total (/73) | 23.0 (18.0–35.0) | 26.0 (19.3–39.5) | 0.28 |
| Vegetables (/21) | 7.3 ± 5.0 | 6.8 ± 4.9 | 1.00 |
| Fruit (/12) | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 5.0 (2.3–7.8) | 0.25 |
| Grains (/13) | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 0.13 |
| Meat (/7) | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 0.73 |
| Meat alternatives (/6) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.79 |
| Dairy (/11) | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 0.12 |
| Extras (/1) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.00 |
| Water (/2) | 1.0 (0.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.66 |
| Daily Nutrient Intake | |||
| Energy (kJ) | 9078 ± 2689 | 8663 ± 3507 | 0.52 |
| Protein (g) | 94.4 ± 28.8 | 96.7 ± 42.9 | 0.75 |
| Protein (%E) | 17.0 (16.0–19.0) | 18.0 (17.0–21.8) | 0.39 |
| CHO (g) | 252.3 ± 79.9 | 230.1 ± 93.4 | 0.23 |
| CHO (%E) | 47.7 ± 5.7 | 45.9 ± 8.6 | 0.31 |
| Fat (g) | 83.5 ± 28.5 | 80.9 ± 36.5 | 0.71 |
| Fat (%E) | 35.4 ± 4.8 | 35.3 ± 6.1 | 0.86 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 38.1 ± 14.7 | 35.9 ± 17.7 | 0.53 |
| Saturated fat (%E) | 15.9 ± 3.0 | 15.3 ± 3.4 | 0.52 |
| PUFA (g) | 8.9 ± 2.9 | 8.6 ± 4.1 | 0.93 |
| PUFA (%E) | 4.0 (3.0–4.0) | 4.0 (3.3–4.0) | 0.59 |
| MUFA (g) | 29.4 ± 9.9 | 27.4 ± 13.8 | 0.89 |
| MUFA (%E) | 12.4 ± 2.0 | 12.8 ± 2.5 | 0.52 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 326.4 ± 114.4 | 303.0 ± 172.9 | 0.81 |
| Sugars (g) | 131.1 ± 55.8 | 105.4 ± 48.1 | 0.18 |
| Water (L) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 0.63 |
| Fibre (g) | 22.1 (22.2–29.9) | 23.7 (15.3–30.6) | 0.99 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 86.2 (53.0–264.8) | 110.2 (57.1–150.5) | 0.40 |
| Folate (μg) | 235.0 (235.0–359.7) | 256.9 (173.7–353.3) | 0.86 |
| Niacin (mg) | 21.2 ± 6.7 | 21.2 ± 9.2 | 0.99 |
| Niacin equivalents (mg) | 40.1 ± 11.8 | 40.6 ± 17.5 | 0.86 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.87 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.6 (0.8–1.8) | 1.5 (0.9–2.1) | 0.52 |
| Vitamin A (μg) | 1145.7 (802.5–1614.7) | 1261.9 (771.1–1753.0) | 0.71 |
| Retinol (μg) | 497.3 (306.5–632.8) | 429.3 (429.3–700.0) | 0.58 |
| Beta-carotene (μg) | 3694.0 (1974.7–5720.7) | 4092.9 (1487.9–6383.2) | 1.00 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2197.8 ± 702.1 | 2141.3 ± 999.0 | 0.76 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3093.0 ± 997.4 | 3104.2 ± 1306.4 | 0.96 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 332.4 ± 88.1 | 339.2 ± 130.4 | 0.75 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1578.1 ± 513.3 | 1589.6 ± 723.5 | 0.93 |
| Iron (mg) | 12.1 ± 3.7 | 12.1 ± 4.7 | 0.97 |
| Zinc (mg) | 12.3 ± 3.6 | 12.7 ± 5.5 | 0.62 |
| Calcium (mg) | 987.6 (713.7–1318.6) | 906.5 (601.1–1695.9) | 0.61 |
CHO carbohydrate, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids
aNon-parametric data
*Significant difference between baseline and follow-up, p < 0.05