Table 2.
Maternal characteristics, overall and by prenatal food security status
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 10, 159) | Food Secure (n = 9, 190) | Food Insecure (n = 969) | T-test or χ2P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breastfeeding initiation, No. (%) | 9246 (91.01) | 8397 (91.37) | 849 (87.62) | 0.00 |
| Early breastfeeding cessation, No. (%)a | ||||
| < 1 week | 241 (2.61) | 203 (2.42) | 38 (4.48) | 0.00 |
| 1–3 weeks | 747 (8.09) | 644 (7.68) | 103 (12.13) | |
| 4–6 weeks | 848 (9.18) | 761 (9.07) | 87 (10.25) | |
| 7–9 weeks | 687 (7.44) | 588 (7.01) | 99 (11.66) | |
| ≥ 10 weeks | 6716 (72.69) | 6194 (73.83) | 522 (61.48) | |
| Grouped maternal age, No. (%) | ||||
| 20–24 years old | 2279 (22.43) | 1884 (20.50) | 395 (40.76) | 0.00 |
| 25–29 years old | 3158 (31.09) | 2882 (31.36) | 276 (28.48) | |
| 30–34 years old | 3021 (29.74) | 2830 (30.79) | 191 (19.71) | |
| 35+ years old | 1701 (16.74) | 1594 (17.34) | 107 (11.04) | |
| Income 12 months before, No. (%) | ||||
| $0–$22,000 | 3390 (33.37) | 2736 (29.77) | 654 (67.49) | 0.00 |
| $22,001-37,000 | 1685 (16.59) | 1487 (16.18) | 198 (20.43) | |
| $37,001-52,000 | 1178 (11.60) | 1096 (11.93) | 82 (8.46) | |
| $52,001-67,000 | 900 (8.86) | 878 (9.55) | 22 (2.27) | |
| $67,001+ | 3006 (29.59) | 2993 (32.57) | 13 (1.34) | |
| Marital status, No. (%) | ||||
| Not married | 3372 (33.19) | 2815 (30.63) | 557 (57.48) | 0.00 |
| Married | 6787 (66.81) | 6375 (69.37) | 412 (42.52) | |
| Years of maternal education, No. (%) | ||||
| 0–11 years | 971 (9.56) | 823 (8.96) | 148 (15.27) | 0.00 |
| 12 years | 2261 (22.26) | 1929 (20.99) | 332 (34.26) | |
| 13–15 years | 3105 (30.56) | 2724 (29.64) | 381 (39.32) | |
| 16+ years | 3822 (37.62) | 3714 (40.41) | 108 (11.15) | |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 1283 (12.63) | 1151 (12.52) | 132 (13.62) | 0.33 |
| NH White | 7098 (69.87) | 6483 (70.54) | 615 (63.47) | 0.00 |
| NH Black | 402 (3.96) | 338 (3.68) | 64 (6.60) | 0.00 |
| NH Asian | 416 (4.09) | 399 (4.34) | 17 (1.75) | 0.00 |
| NH Native American | 374 (3.68) | 310 (3.37) | 64 (6.60) | 0.00 |
| NH Other | 422 (4.15) | 358 (3.90) | 64 (6.60) | 0.00 |
| Unknown race/ethnicity | 164 (1.61) | 151 (1.64) | 13 (1.34) | 0.48 |
| Insurance type, No. (%) | ||||
| Government insurance | 3088 (30.40) | 2561 (27.87) | 527 (54.39) | 0.00 |
| Private insurance | 5578 (54.91) | 5357 (58.29) | 221 (22.81) | 0.00 |
| Other insurance | 149 (1.47) | 132 (1.44) | 17 (1.75) | 0.43 |
| No insurance | 1344 (13.23) | 1140 (12.40) | 204 (21.05) | 0.00 |
| Healthcare worker talked about breastfeeding before birth, No. (%) | 8641 (85.06) | 7808 (84.96) | 833 (85.96) | 0.40 |
| On WIC during pregnancy, No. (%) | 4053 (39.90) | 3369 (36.66) | 684 (70.59) | 0.00 |
| Experienced postpartum depression, No. (%) | 1111 (10.94) | 856 (9.31) | 255 (26.32) | 0.00 |
| Number of stresses in 12 months before birth, mean (SD) | 1.99 (2.02) | 1.74 (1.81) | 4.32 (2.42) | 0.00 |
| Wanted to be pregnant, No. (%) | ||||
| Later | 2061 (20.29) | 1779 (19.36) | 282 (29.10) | 0.00 |
| Sooner | 1513 (14.89) | 1416 (15.41) | 97 (10.01) | 0.00 |
| Then | 4665 (45.92) | 4398 (47.86) | 267 (27.55) | 0.00 |
| Never | 591 (5.82) | 479 (5.21) | 112 (11.56) | 0.00 |
| Unsure | 1329 (13.08) | 1118 (12.17) | 211 (21.78) | 0.00 |
| Vaginal delivery, No. (%) | 6774 (66.68) | 6119 (66.58) | 655 (67.60) | 0.52 |
| Kotelchuck Index, No. (%) | ||||
| Inadequate | 1028 (10.12) | 857 (9.33) | 171 (17.65) | 0.00 |
| Intermediate | 1175 (11.57) | 1067 (11.61) | 108 (11.15) | |
| Adequate | 4441 (43.71) | 4070 (44.29) | 371 (38.29) | |
| Adequate Plus | 3515 (34.60) | 3196 (34.78) | 319 (32.92) | |
| Hospital baby stay length grouped, No. (%) | ||||
| 0–2 days | 5967 (58.74) | 5439 (59.18) | 528 (54.49) | 0.02 |
| 3–5 days | 2698 (26.56) | 2419 (26.32) | 279 (28.79) | |
| 6+ days | 1494 (14.71) | 1332 (14.49) | 162 (16.72) | |
| Smoking at time of survey, No. (%) | 1526 (15.20) | 1176 (12.80) | 350 (36.12) | 0.00 |
Note.NH non-Hispanic, SD standard deviation, WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; aEarly breastfeeding cessation analysis excludes respondents who did not initiate breastfeeding (n = 913) and those who were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey but completed the survey before 10 weeks post birth (n = 7). Thus, the early breastfeeding cessation sample size is N = 9239 for overall, n = 8390 for food secure, and n = 849 for food insecure. Percentages within this category are calculated based on these sample sizes