Table 3.
Results of binomial logistic regression predicting breastfeeding initiation
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | Model 3, OR (95% CI) | Model 4, OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food insecurity | ||||
| Food secure (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Food insecure | 0.67** (0.54, 0.82) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.36) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.48) |
| Maternal age | ||||
| 20–24 years old | 1.52** (1.18, 1.95) | 1.43** (1.11, 1.85) | 1.45** (1.12, 1.88) | |
| 25–29 years old | 1.18 (0.94, 1.49) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.44) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | |
| 30–34 years old | 1.03 (0.81, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.29) | |
| 35+ years old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Income | ||||
| $0–$22,000 | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.12) | |
| $22,001-37,000 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.46) | 1.08 (0.80, 1.47) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.46) | |
| $37,001-52,000 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) | 1.11 (0.81, 1.52) | |
| $52,001-67,000 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.26) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | |
| $67,001+ (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1.39** (1.17, 1.64) | 1.38** (1.17, 1.64) | 1.29** (1.09, 1.54) | |
| Not married (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Years of maternal education | ||||
| 0–11 years | 0.25** (0.18, 0.34) | 0.26** (0.19, 0.35) | 0.33** (0.24, 0.45) | |
| 12 years | 0.26** (0.20, 0.33) | 0.26** (0.20, 0.33) | 0.30** (0.23, 0.39) | |
| 13–15 years | 0.48** (0.38, 0.61) | 0.49** (0.39, 0.62) | 0.53** (0.41, 0.67) | |
| 16+ years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| NH White (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Hispanic | 2.87** (2.21, 3.73) | 2.82** (2.17, 3.67) | 2.33** (1.79, 3.05) | |
| NH Black | 1.36 (0.98, 1.89) | 1.38 (0.99, 1.92) | 1.22 (0.87, 1.71) | |
| NH Native American | 2.98** (1.97, 4.53) | 3.00** (1.97, 4.55) | 2.56** (1.68, 3.92) | |
| NH Other | 3.25** (1.97, 5.36) | 3.20** (1.94, 5.27) | 3.17** (1.92, 5.25) | |
| NH Asian | 2.83** (1.60, 5.01) | 2.85** (1.61, 5.03) | 2.50** (1.41, 4.42) | |
| Unknown race/ethnicity | 1.70 (0.92, 3.12) | 1.74 (0.94, 3.21) | 1.51 (0.82, 2.79) | |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Private insurance (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Government insurance | 0.75* (0.60, 0.93) | 0.75* (0.60, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) | |
| Other insurance | 0.36** (0.23, 0.58) | 0.37** (0.24, 0.59) | 0.38** (0.24, 0.60) | |
| No insurance | 1.18 (0.90, 1.56) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.55) | |
| HCW talked about breastfeeding before birth | 1.70** (1.41, 2.05) | 1.69** (1.40, 2.03) | 1.68** (1.39, 2.03) | |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| On WIC during pregnancy | 0.73** (0.61, 0.88) | 0.73** (0.61, 0.88) | 0.73** (0.60, 0.88) | |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Experienced postpartum depression | 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.01) | ||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Number of stresses in 12 months before birth | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.05* (1.01, 1.09) | ||
| Wanted to be pregnant | ||||
| Then (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Later | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.41) | ||
| Sooner | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.30) | ||
| Never | 0.75* (0.57, 0.98) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.01) | ||
| Unsure | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) | ||
| Vaginal delivery (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||
| No | 0.79** (0.67, 0.94) | |||
| Kotelchuck Index | ||||
| Inadequate | 0.78* (0.61, 0.99) | |||
| Intermediate | 0.77* (0.61, 0.98) | |||
| Adequate | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | |||
| Adequate Plus (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||
| Hospital baby stay length | ||||
| 0–2 days (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||
| 3–5 days | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | |||
| 6+ days | 1.45** (1.15, 1.82) | |||
| Smoking at time of survey | 0.43** (0.36, 0.52) | |||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||
Note. CI confidence interval, HCW healthcare worker, NH non-Hispanic, OR odds ratio, WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The sample size is N = 10,159