Table 5.
Multinomial logistic regression using “breastfeeding for > 10 weeks” as reference category for Model 4
| Breastfeeding < 1 week, RRR (95% CI) | Breastfeeding 1–3 weeks, RRR (95% CI) | Breastfeeding 4–6 weeks, RRR (95% CI) | Breastfeeding 7–9 weeks, RRR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food insecurity | ||||
| Food secure (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Food insecure | 0.92 (0.61, 1.37) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 0.65** (0.50, 0.85) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) |
| Maternal age | ||||
| 20–24 years old | 0.95 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.64** (1.23, 2.20) | 1.36* (1.04, 1.77) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.62) |
| 25–29 years old | 0.69 (0.45, 1.07) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.33) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.28) |
| 30–34 years old | 0.65 (0.41, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.37) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.14) |
| 35+ years old (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Income | ||||
| $0–$22,000 | 1.40 (0.76, 2.58) | 1.21 (0.86, 1.72) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 1.53* (1.08, 2.17) |
| $22,001-37,000 | 0.95 (0.52, 1.73) | 1.00 (0.72, 1.40) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 1.31 (0.95, 1.82) |
| $37,001-52,000 | 1.35 (0.75, 2.42) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.56) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.81, 1.59) |
| $52,001-67,000 | 0.95 (0.47, 1.93) | 1.17 (0.83, 1.67) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.33) |
| $67,001+ (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 0.70* (0.51, 0.96) | 0.78** (0.64, 0.94) | 0.83* (0.69, 0.99) | 0.77** (0.63, 0.94) |
| Not married (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Years of maternal education | ||||
| 0–11 years | 3.71** (1.98, 6.96) | 2.73** (1.93, 3.85) | 2.79** (2.01, 3.88) | 2.11** (1.48, 3.02) |
| 12 years | 5.18** (3.08, 8.70) | 3.03** (2.29, 4.00) | 3.36** (2.60, 4.34) | 2.53** (1.91, 3.35) |
| 13–15 years | 3.14** (1.92, 5.13) | 2.14** (1.66, 2.76) | 2.28** (1.81, 2.87) | 2.13** (1.66, 2.74) |
| 16+ years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| NH White (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.61* (0.39, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.23) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) |
| NH Black | 0.46 (0.21, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.50) |
| NH Native American | 0.97 (0.56, 1.68) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.28) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.61, 1.35) |
| NH Other | 0.52 (0.26, 1.04) | 0.66* (0.44, 0.98) | 0.54** (0.35, 0.82) | 0.65* (0.42, 0.99) |
| NH Asian | 0.27 (0.07, 1.10) | 0.79 (0.48, 1.31) | 1.11 (0.75, 1.66) | 1.24 (0.81, 1.91) |
| Unknown Race | 0.62 (0.19, 2.02) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.55) | 0.48 (0.21, 1.11) |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Private insurance (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Government insurance | 1.13 (0.76, 1.66) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.31) |
| Other insurance | 1.05 (0.31, 3.53) | 1.46 (0.80, 2.69) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.60) | 1.11 (0.55, 2.22) |
| No insurance | 0.79 (0.49, 1.27) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.12) | 0.72* (0.55, 0.95) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.43) |
| HCW talked about breastfeeding before birth | 0.75 (0.52, 1.09) | 1.39* (1.07, 1.81) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 1.42* (1.09, 1.85) |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 11.00 |
| On WIC during pregnancy | 1.43* (1.01, 2.02) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 1.27* (1.04, 1.55) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 11.00 |
| Experienced postpartum depression | 0.93 (0.61, 1.41) | 1.50** (1.19, 1.89) | 1.32* (1.05, 1.65) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.47) |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 11.00 |
| Number of stresses in 12 months before birth | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) |
| Wanted to be pregnant | ||||
| Then (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Later | 1.24 (0.86, 1.78) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.35) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) |
| Sooner | 1.09 (0.69, 1.72) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.45) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) |
| Never | 1.99** (1.25, 3.16) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.45) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.06) |
| Unsure | 1.10 (0.73, 1.66) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) |
| Vaginal delivery (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.31 (0.96, 1.77) | 1.60** (1.34, 1.92) | 1.27** (1.07, 1.51) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) |
| Kotelchuck Index | ||||
| Inadequate | 0.89 (0.56, 1.41) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.38) |
| Intermediate | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.21) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) |
| Adequate | 0.88 (0.65, 1.20) | 0.73** (0.61, 0.88) | 0.70** (0.59, 0.84) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) |
| Adequate Plus (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Hospital baby stay length | ||||
| 0–2 days (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3–5 days | 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) | 1.24* (1.03, 1.50) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) |
| 6 + days | 0.73 (0.46, 1.14) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.45) | 1.84** (1.49, 2.27) | 2.12** (1.69, 2.66) |
| Smoking at time of survey | 2.59** (1.88, 3.57) | 2.74** (2.22, 3.38) | 2.46** (2.01, 3.02) | 2.12** (1.69, 2.65) |
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. CI confidence interval, HCW healthcare worker, NH non-Hispanic, RRR relative risk ratio, WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. The sample size is N = 9239