Table 1.
Summary of mammalian arenaviruses and their associated epidemiological featuresa
| Virus, Abbreviation and Isolation/Detection Date | Isolated | Lineage/Clade | Natural Host | Geographic Distribution | Disease in Humans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old World Arenaviruses | |||||
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, LCMV, 1933 | Yes | LCM | Mus musculus Linnaeus (house mouse) Apodemus sylvaticus Linnaeus (long‐tailed field mice) | Americas, Europe | Undifferentiated febrile illness, aseptic meningitis; rarely serious. Laboratory infections common, usually mild but 5 fatal cases. |
| Lassa virus, LASV, 1969 | Yes | Lassa | Mastomys sp. (Multimammate rat) | West Africa, imported cases in Europe, Japan, USA | Lassa fever; mild to severe and fatal disease. Laboratory infection common and often severe. |
| Mopeia virus, MOPV, 1977 | Yes | Mopeia | Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat) | Mozambique, Zimbabwe | Unknown |
| Mobala virus, MOBV, 1983 | Yes | Mobala | Praomys sp. (soft‐furred mouse) | Central African Republic | Unknown |
| Ippy virus, IPPYV, 1984 | Yes | Lassa | Arvicanthis sp. (unstriped grass rats) Praomys sp. (soft‐furred mouse) | Central African Republic | Unknown |
| Merino Walk, MWV, 1985 | Yes | Merino | Myotomys unisulcatus sp. (Busk Karoo rat) | South Africa | Unknown |
| Menekre, 2005 | No | Mopeia | Hylomyscus sp. (African wood mouse) | Ivory Coast | Unknown |
| Gbagroube, 2005 | No | Lassa | Mus (Nannomys) setulosus (African pigmy mouse) | Ivory Coast | Unknown |
| Morogoro, 2007 | No | Mopeia | Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat) | Tanzania | Unknown |
| Kodoko, 2007 | Yes | LCM | Mus (Nannomys) minutoides (savannah pygmy mouse) | Guinea | Unknown |
| Lujo virus, LUJV, 2008 | Yes | Lujo | Unknown | Zambia, South Africa | Fatal hemorrhagic fever |
| Lemniscomys, 2008 | No | Lassa | Lemniscomys rosalia (Single‐striped grass mouse) Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat) | Tanzania | Unknown |
| Lunk virus, LNKV, 2008 | No | LCM | Mus minutoides (savannah pygmy mouse) | Tanzania | Unknown |
| Luna virus, LUAV, 2009 | Yes | Lusaka‐Namwala | Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat) | Zambia | Unknown |
| Whenzou, 2014 | No | Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat) | China | Unknown | |
| Gairo, 2015 | No | Mobala | Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat) | Tanzania | Unknown |
| New World Arenaviruses | |||||
| Tacaribe, 1956 | Yes | B | Originally isolated from Artibeus sp. (bats) but later in vivo experiments on Artibeus jamaciensis suggested they are not the reservoir hosts54 | Trinidad, West Indies | Unknown. One suspected laboratory case that was moderately symptomtic. |
| Junín, 1958 | Yes | B | Calomys musculinus (drylands vesper mouse) | Argentina | Argentinian hemorrhagic fever. Laboratory infection common often severe. |
| Machupo, 1963 | Yes | B | Calomys callosus (large vesper mouse) | Bolivia | Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. Laboratory infection common often severe. |
| Cupixi, 1965 | Yes | B | Oryzomys gaeldi (rice rat) | Brazil | Unknown |
| Amapari,1965 | Yes | B | Neacomys guianae (Guiana Bristly mouse) | Brazil | Unknown |
| Parana, 1970 | Yes | A | Oryzomys buccinatus (Paraguayan Rice Rat) | Paraguay | Unknown |
| Tamiami, 1970 | Yes | A | Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat) | Florida, USA | Antibodies detected |
| Pichinde, 1971 | Yes | A | Oryzomys albigularis (Tomes's Rice rat) | Colombia | Occasional mild laboratory infection. |
| Latino, 1973 | Yes | C | Calomys callosus (large vesper mouse) | Bolivia | Unknown |
| Flexal, 1977 | Yes | A | Oryzomys spp. (Rice rats) | Brazil | One severe laboratory infection recorded |
| Guanarito, 1989 | Yes | B | Zygodontomys brevicauda (Short‐tailed Cane mouse) | Venezuela | Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever |
| Sabia, 1993 | Yes | B | Unknown | Brazil | Viral hemorrhagic fever, 2 severe laboratory infections recorded. |
| Oliveros, 1996 | Yes | C | Bolomys obscuris (Dark bolo mouse) | Argentina | Unknown |
| Whitewater Arroyo, 1997 | Yes | D | Neotoma spp. (Wood rats) | USA: New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, California, Colorado | Unknown |
| Pirital, 1997 | Yes | A | Sigmodon alstoni (Alston's Cotton Rat) | Venezuela | Unknown |
| Pampa, 1997 | Yes | Bolomys sp. | Argentina | Unknown | |
| Bear Canyon, 1998 | Yes | D | Peromyscus californicus (California mouse), Neotoma macrotis (large‐eared woodrat) | USA: California | Unknown |
| Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, 2000 | No | B | Peromyscus mexicanus (Mexican deer mouse) | Mexico | Unknown |
| Allpahuayo, 2001 | Yes | A | Oecomys bicolor, (Bicolored Arboreal Rice Rat) Aecomys paricola | Peru | Unknown |
| Tonto Creek, 2001 | Yes | D | Neotoma albigula (white‐throated woodrat) | USA: Arizona | Unknown |
| Big Brushy Tank, 2002 | Yes | D | Neotoma albigula (white‐throated woodrat) | USA: Arizona | Unknown |
| Real de Catorce, 2005 | No | D | Neotoma leucodon (White‐toothed Woodrat) | Mexico | Unknown |
| Catarina, 2007 | Yes | D | Neotoma micropus (Southern Plains Woodrat) | USA: Texas | Unknown |
| Skinner Tank, 2008 | Yes | D | Neotoma mexicana (Mexican woodrat) | USA: Arizona | Unknown |
| Chapare, 2008 | Yes | B | Unknown | Bolivia | Single fatal hemorrhagic fever case |
| Middle Pease River, 2013 | No | D | Neotoma micropus (southern plains woodrats) | USA: Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico | Unknown |
| Patawa, 2015 | Yes | A | Oecomys spp. (Arboreal Rice Rat) | French Guiana | Unknown |
| Pinhal, 2015 | No | ? | Calomys tener (Delicate vesper mouse) | Brazil | Unknown |
a
Adapted from (26, CDC website).