Table 1.

Characteristics of 47 eligible published studies

Author, Year, Reference	Country	Design	Size	Age	Sample Type	Type of RTI	Lab Method	Pathogen
Ahn 201424	Korea	OP	1528	≤18 years	NPA	ARI	PCR	HBoV‐1
Akhras 201025	USA	OR	256	<18 years	NPS	ARI	DFA, culture, PCR	RSV, HMPV
Ali 201026	Jordan	OP	728	<5 years	NS, TS	ARI	PCR	HMPV
Annamalay 201627	Mozambique	OP	277	≤10 years	NPA	RTI	PCR	HRV
Bhandary 201628	India	CS	100	≤5 years	NPA	RTI	DFA	RSV
Broor 201429	USA	OP	245	<5 years	NS, TS	ARI	PCR	Flu A/B, RSV
Bryant 201030	Australia	OP	446	≤16 years	NPA, NS, TS	ILI	DFA, PCR	Flu A
Carballal 200231	Argentina	OR	168	<2 years	NPA	Acute LRTI	IFA, culture	HAdV
Chang 201232	USA	OP and CC	5066	≤18 years	NS	ILI	PCR	Flu A
Chano 200533	Canada	CC	1132	≤18 years	NPA, BAL, ETA	RTI	DFA, culture, EIA, PCR	HMPV
Chen 201034	China	OP	6296	≤18 years	NPA	Acute LRTI	PCR	RSV, HMPV
Cuevas 200335	Brazil	OP	111	<3 years	NS	Acute LRTI	PCR	RSV, HMPV
Esposito 201636	Italy	OP	307	≤18 years	NS	RTI	PCR	HAdV
Fairchok 201037	USA	Cohort	318	≤30 months	NS	RTI	PCR	Flu A
Farng 200238	China	OR	48	≤18 years	TS, serum	PNA	IFA	HAdV
Fischer Langley 201339	Guatemala	OP	2413	<5 years	NPS, OPS	ARI	PCR	RSV
Flores 200440	Portugal	OP	225	<3 years	NS	Acute BCL	PCR	RSV
Giamberardin 201641	Brazil	CS	250	24‐59 months	NS, OPS	RTI, asthma	PCR	Flu A/B, HRV, HAdV, HPIV, HCoV
Halasa 201542	Jordan	OP	3173	<2 years	NS, TS	RTI, others	PCR	RSV
Hite 200743	UK	CC	411	≤18 years	NS	ILI	RT, culture	Flu A/B
Hombrouck 201244	Belgium	OP	139	<5 years	NPS, TS	ILI	PCR	Flu A, RSV, HRV, HMPV, HPIV
Hsieh 201445	China	OP	1062	≤18 years	Serum	Flu season	Ab	Flu A
Huai 201746	China	OP	14479	<15 years	NS	SARI	PCR	Flu A/B
Jevsnik 201247	Slovenia	OP	741	<6 years	NPS, TS, TA, BAL, sputum	ARI	PCR	HCoV
Jin 201048	China	OP	645	<16 years	NPA	ARI	PCR	HCoV
Khamis 2012 49	Oman	OP	259	≤5 years	RS	RTI	PCR	RSV
Kuo 201150	China	CC	308	≤18 years	NPS, TS	ILI	RT, PCR	Flu A
Lamarao 201251	Brazil	CS	1214	≤18 years	NPS	CAP	DFA, PCR	RSV
Landa‐Cardena 201252	Mexico	CS	124	<6 years	NS	RTI	PCR	HRV
Leung 200953	China	OP and OR	1981	<18 years	NPA	ARI	IFA, PCR	HCoV
Martin 201554	Canada	OP	219	≤2 years	Oral fluid	HHP‐6 history	PCR	HBoV‐1
Moreno‐Valencia 201555	Mexico	OP	432	<12 years	NPS	ARI	PCR	Flu A, RSV, HRV, HMPV, HPIV, HAdV
Nitsch‐Osuch 201356	Poland	OP	59	≤59 months	NS, PS	ILI	RT, PCR	Flu A/B
Nokes 200957	Kenya	OP	6026	1 day‐59 months	NS	PNA	DFA	RSV
Nyawanda 201658	Kenya	OP	4714	<5 years	NPS, OPS	ARI	PCR	RSV
Pecchini 200859	Brazil	OP	455	<5 years	NPS	Acute LRTI	IFA	RSV
Pierangeli 201260	Italy	OP	231	≤16 years	PS, nasal washing	ILI	PCR	Flu A, RSV, HRV
Ramagopal 201661	India	OP	80	1 month‐3 years	NPS	BCL	PCR	RSV
Saha 201062	India	OP	69	10 months‐12 years	NS, TS	Acute FRI	PCR	Flu A
Schuster 201563	Jordan	OP	3175	<2 years	NS, TS	TRI, AE, CF, FS	PCR	HMPV
Smit 201264	Netherlands	OP	423	≤17 years	OPS, NW	ILI	PCR	Flu A
Smuts 201165	South Africa	OP	220	2 months‐5 years	NS	Cough, DB, wheezing	PCR	HRV
Tresoldi 201166	Brazil	Cohort	61	≤18 years	NPS, PS	ILI	PCR	Flu A
von Linstow 200467	Denmark	OP	374	≤2 years	NPS	TRI	IFA, EIFA, PCR	RSV, HMPV
Weigl 200368	Germany	CC	1316	≤2 years	NPA	LRTI	PCR	RSV
Yan 201769	China	OP	387	8 days‐15 years	NPA	Acute LRTI	PCR	RSV, HMPV
Zimmerman 201470	USA	CC	662	<2 years	NS, OPS	URTI	PCR	Flu A/B, RSV, HRV, HMPV, HCoV

Ab, antibody; AE, asthma exacerbation; ARI, acute respiratory infection; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids; BCL, bronchiolitis; CAP, community‐acquired pneumonia; CC, case‐control; CF, cystic fibrosis; CS, cross‐sectional; DB, difficulty breathing; DFA, direct immunofluorescence assay; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; EIFA, enzyme immunofluorescence assay; ETA, endotracheal aspirates; Flu, influenza; FS, febrile seizure; FRI, febrile respiratory illness; HHP‐6, human herpesvirus 6; IFA, (indirect) immunofluorescence assay; ILI, influenza‐like illness; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; NPA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; NPS, nasopharyngeal swab; NS, nasal swabs/secretions; NW, nasal washing; OP, observational prospective; OPS, oropharyngeal swabs; OR, observational retrospective; PC, prospective cohort; PNA, pneumonia; PS, pharyngeal swabs; RS, respiratory samples; SARI, severe acute respiratory infection; RT, rapid test; RTI, respiratory tract infection; TA, tracheal aspirates; TS, throat swabs; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.