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. 2016 Oct 10;27(1):e1908. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1908

Table 1.

Summary of published papers of SAFV infections in humans

Author/s Country Age Range (y) Sample Inclusion n‐value SAFV +ve Other Pathogens Remarks
Abed & Boivin5 Canada 0‐4 NP aspirate Otitis media, URTI (Exclusion: positive blood cultures or typical viral screen) 3 3
AFP: 57 5
Blinkova et al6 Pakistan and Afghanistan 0‐15 Stool AFP (Exclusion: Polio positive) Healthy household contacts of AFP patients: 9 Unrelated healthy patients: 41 1
Branas et al45 Spain 0‐12 NP aspirates Respiratory tract infection 608 samples from 552 patients 8 Adenovirus (2) and streptococcus pneumoniae (1) Multiple samples from patients
12‐95 NP swabs Immunosuppression, respiratory tract infection 595 samples from 370 patients 0
Respiratory secretions Influenza‐like illness (Exclusion: FluA/B, RSV, RV, EV on culture, or RT‐PCR) 460 1
Respiratory secretions Single hospital (n = 278) and state‐wide with influenza‐like illness (n = 441) 719 0 Multiple samples for some patients
Chiu et al21 USA CSF Aseptic meningtis, encephalitis, or MS 400 0
Stool Gastroenteritis or household contacts 751 6 Adenovirus (1), RV (1), norovirus (3), EV (1), sapovirus (1), and parechovirus (1) All positive samples from children <2. Two children were asymptomatic multiple samples for most patients
5 Throat swab Fever and sore throat 1 1
Chua et al17 Malaysia 10‐12 Serum Post‐hepatitis B vaccination survery 400 >280 >70% serum positive
Dai et al38 China 0‐8 Stool 577 Diarrhea (>3 loose stools) and 60 healthy 637 6 RV (3)
Drexler et al9 Germany and Brazil 0‐6 Stool Gastroenteritis 844 6 Enteric viruses (4)
Itagaki et al12 Japan 2‐7 NP swab Exudative tonsillitis 37 9 NIL
Itagaki et al39 Japan 0‐18 NP specimens Acute respiratory infection (Exclusion: viral coinfection) 1525 54 Diarrhea coexistent in n = 7 (20%)
Ito et al52 Japan 2 Stool, serum, and NP swab Relapsing acute pancreatitis 1 1 Relapsing acute pancreatitis after HFMD
Jones et al3 USA 8 mo Stool Fever of unknown origin 1 1
Khamrim et al41 Thailand 1‐5 Stool Gastroenteritis 150 4 RV (1)
Khamrim et al43 Japan 0‐6 Stool Diarrhea 454 7 4/7 coinfected with mix of rotavirus (1), bocavirus (3), and norovirus (2)
Kobayashi et al51 Japan 0‐66 Serum Healthy 114 95.6% positive for antibodies
Leguia et al10 Peru 2 Oropharyngeal swab Diarrhea and respiratory infection 1 1
Lin et al47 Taiwan 0‐15 Throat swab EV symptoms (URTI and/or D&V and/or rash) (Exclusion: EV positive [1228/1454]) 227 22 Antibody found in 43.7%‐77.8% of children 0‐ to 9‐y‐old
Naeem et al44 Afghanistan and Pakistan 0‐15 Stool AFP (Exclusion: Polio and EV in stool) 943 88
Nielsen et al42 Denmark 6, 10, and 15 mo Stool Randomized samples 1393 38 Multiple samples from patients
Nielsen et al50 Denmark 0‐77 Formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cardiac tissue Myocarditis 150 1 Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and non‐hemolytic streptococci in lung tissue, and enterovirus in respiratory secretion Portmortem anaysls. SAFV +ve: patient 2‐y‐old, sudden death after fever. The SAFV also detectable in frozen blood and respiratory secretion but not CSF
Ren et al36 China 0‐16 NP aspirate Acute LRTI 1032 4 Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1), RSV (1), and EV (1) SAFV +ve were <9yo
0‐16 Oropharyngeal swab Acute URTI 406 3
Ren et al35 China 0‐13 Stool Acute gastroenteritis 373 12 11 coinfected with at least 1 known diarrhea‐causing virus, such as RV or norovirus SAFV positive <3 years old
Tsukagoshi et al37 Japan 5 and 6 NP specimens Fever, Cranker sores, and URTI 2 2
Tsukagoshi et al40 Japan 0‐41 NP swabs Acute respiratory infection (Exclusion: coinfection with other respiratory viruses) 423 9 SAFV positive 1‐11 years old
Wang et al48 Australia 0‐95 NP aspirate (48.1%), NP swab (31.8%), nasal swab (5.4%), oropharyngeal swab (3.5%), and BAL (1.5%) Acute respiratory infection 1215 8 Unknown pathogens 75% SAFV +ve were from age < 2y n = 5 (62.5%) SAFV +ve were also +ve for another virus suggest autumn prevalance
Xu et al34 China <5 Stool Diarrhea 631 3 RV (2) and norovirus (1)
Asymtomatic 161 1 NIL
Yodmeeklin et al46 Thailand 0‐14 Stool Acute gastroenteritis 608 9 RV (2), adenovirus (2), EV (2), and cosavirus (1), Bocavirus (1) SAFV positve age 1‐8, most <3‐y‐old
Zhang et al11 China 0‐14 NP aspirate Acute respiratory infection 1647 17 Parainfluenza (5), RSV‐B (4), adenovirus (2), bocavirus (2), coronavirus (2), FluA (1), FluB (1), and rhinovirus (1). Significantly higher SAFV infection found in HFMD patients
Stool Diarrhea 2013 12 Norovirus GII (6), RV (2), and adenovirus (2).
Stool and some throat swabs, serum, and CSF HFMD 2392 86 EV71 (23), coxsackie virus A16 (17), and other EV (18)
Zoll et al7 Netherlands 0‐10 Serum Healthy 210 90 children between 4 and 10 y of age—92% had neutralizing antibodies. 60 adults—98% had neutralizing antibodies
Finland 30 77% of Finnish children had neutralizing antibodies
Africa (Mali and Cameroon) 72 72 100% had neutralizing antibodies
Indonesia (Java and Sumba) 63 63 100% had neutralizing antibodies

Abbreviations: AFP, acute flaccid paralysis; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; D&V, diarrhea and vomiting; EV, enterovirus; FluA/B, influenza A/B; HFMD, hand‐foot‐mouth disease; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; MS, multiple sclerosis; NP, nasopharyngeal; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV, rotavirus; SAFV, Saffold virus; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.