Table 1.
Summary of published papers of SAFV infections in humans
| Author/s | Country | Age Range (y) | Sample | Inclusion | n‐value | SAFV +ve | Other Pathogens | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abed & Boivin5 | Canada | 0‐4 | NP aspirate | Otitis media, URTI (Exclusion: positive blood cultures or typical viral screen) | 3 | 3 | ||
| AFP: 57 | 5 | |||||||
| Blinkova et al6 | Pakistan and Afghanistan | 0‐15 | Stool | AFP (Exclusion: Polio positive) | Healthy household contacts of AFP patients: 9 Unrelated healthy patients: 41 | 1 | ||
| Branas et al45 | Spain | 0‐12 | NP aspirates | Respiratory tract infection | 608 samples from 552 patients | 8 | Adenovirus (2) and streptococcus pneumoniae (1) | Multiple samples from patients |
| 12‐95 | NP swabs | Immunosuppression, respiratory tract infection | 595 samples from 370 patients | 0 | ||||
| Respiratory secretions | Influenza‐like illness (Exclusion: FluA/B, RSV, RV, EV on culture, or RT‐PCR) | 460 | 1 | |||||
| Respiratory secretions | Single hospital (n = 278) and state‐wide with influenza‐like illness (n = 441) | 719 | 0 | Multiple samples for some patients | ||||
| Chiu et al21 | USA | CSF | Aseptic meningtis, encephalitis, or MS | 400 | 0 | |||
| Stool | Gastroenteritis or household contacts | 751 | 6 | Adenovirus (1), RV (1), norovirus (3), EV (1), sapovirus (1), and parechovirus (1) | All positive samples from children <2. Two children were asymptomatic multiple samples for most patients | |||
| 5 | Throat swab | Fever and sore throat | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Chua et al17 | Malaysia | 10‐12 | Serum | Post‐hepatitis B vaccination survery | 400 | >280 | >70% serum positive | |
| Dai et al38 | China | 0‐8 | Stool | 577 Diarrhea (>3 loose stools) and 60 healthy | 637 | 6 | RV (3) | |
| Drexler et al9 | Germany and Brazil | 0‐6 | Stool | Gastroenteritis | 844 | 6 | Enteric viruses (4) | |
| Itagaki et al12 | Japan | 2‐7 | NP swab | Exudative tonsillitis | 37 | 9 | NIL | |
| Itagaki et al39 | Japan | 0‐18 | NP specimens | Acute respiratory infection (Exclusion: viral coinfection) | 1525 | 54 | Diarrhea coexistent in n = 7 (20%) | |
| Ito et al52 | Japan | 2 | Stool, serum, and NP swab | Relapsing acute pancreatitis | 1 | 1 | Relapsing acute pancreatitis after HFMD | |
| Jones et al3 | USA | 8 mo | Stool | Fever of unknown origin | 1 | 1 | ||
| Khamrim et al41 | Thailand | 1‐5 | Stool | Gastroenteritis | 150 | 4 | RV (1) | |
| Khamrim et al43 | Japan | 0‐6 | Stool | Diarrhea | 454 | 7 | 4/7 coinfected with mix of rotavirus (1), bocavirus (3), and norovirus (2) | |
| Kobayashi et al51 | Japan | 0‐66 | Serum | Healthy | 114 | 95.6% positive for antibodies | ||
| Leguia et al10 | Peru | 2 | Oropharyngeal swab | Diarrhea and respiratory infection | 1 | 1 | ||
| Lin et al47 | Taiwan | 0‐15 | Throat swab | EV symptoms (URTI and/or D&V and/or rash) (Exclusion: EV positive [1228/1454]) | 227 | 22 | Antibody found in 43.7%‐77.8% of children 0‐ to 9‐y‐old | |
| Naeem et al44 | Afghanistan and Pakistan | 0‐15 | Stool | AFP (Exclusion: Polio and EV in stool) | 943 | 88 | ||
| Nielsen et al42 | Denmark | 6, 10, and 15 mo | Stool | Randomized samples | 1393 | 38 | Multiple samples from patients | |
| Nielsen et al50 | Denmark | 0‐77 | Formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cardiac tissue | Myocarditis | 150 | 1 | Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and non‐hemolytic streptococci in lung tissue, and enterovirus in respiratory secretion | Portmortem anaysls. SAFV +ve: patient 2‐y‐old, sudden death after fever. The SAFV also detectable in frozen blood and respiratory secretion but not CSF |
| Ren et al36 | China | 0‐16 | NP aspirate | Acute LRTI | 1032 | 4 | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1), RSV (1), and EV (1) | SAFV +ve were <9yo |
| 0‐16 | Oropharyngeal swab | Acute URTI | 406 | 3 | ||||
| Ren et al35 | China | 0‐13 | Stool | Acute gastroenteritis | 373 | 12 | 11 coinfected with at least 1 known diarrhea‐causing virus, such as RV or norovirus | SAFV positive <3 years old |
| Tsukagoshi et al37 | Japan | 5 and 6 | NP specimens | Fever, Cranker sores, and URTI | 2 | 2 | ||
| Tsukagoshi et al40 | Japan | 0‐41 | NP swabs | Acute respiratory infection (Exclusion: coinfection with other respiratory viruses) | 423 | 9 | SAFV positive 1‐11 years old | |
| Wang et al48 | Australia | 0‐95 | NP aspirate (48.1%), NP swab (31.8%), nasal swab (5.4%), oropharyngeal swab (3.5%), and BAL (1.5%) | Acute respiratory infection | 1215 | 8 | Unknown pathogens | 75% SAFV +ve were from age < 2y n = 5 (62.5%) SAFV +ve were also +ve for another virus suggest autumn prevalance |
| Xu et al34 | China | <5 | Stool | Diarrhea | 631 | 3 | RV (2) and norovirus (1) | |
| Asymtomatic | 161 | 1 | NIL | |||||
| Yodmeeklin et al46 | Thailand | 0‐14 | Stool | Acute gastroenteritis | 608 | 9 | RV (2), adenovirus (2), EV (2), and cosavirus (1), Bocavirus (1) | SAFV positve age 1‐8, most <3‐y‐old |
| Zhang et al11 | China | 0‐14 | NP aspirate | Acute respiratory infection | 1647 | 17 | Parainfluenza (5), RSV‐B (4), adenovirus (2), bocavirus (2), coronavirus (2), FluA (1), FluB (1), and rhinovirus (1). | Significantly higher SAFV infection found in HFMD patients |
| Stool | Diarrhea | 2013 | 12 | Norovirus GII (6), RV (2), and adenovirus (2). | ||||
| Stool and some throat swabs, serum, and CSF | HFMD | 2392 | 86 | EV71 (23), coxsackie virus A16 (17), and other EV (18) | ||||
| Zoll et al7 | Netherlands | 0‐10 | Serum | Healthy | 210 | 90 children between 4 and 10 y of age—92% had neutralizing antibodies. 60 adults—98% had neutralizing antibodies | ||
| Finland | 30 | 77% of Finnish children had neutralizing antibodies | ||||||
| Africa (Mali and Cameroon) | 72 | 72 | 100% had neutralizing antibodies | |||||
| Indonesia (Java and Sumba) | 63 | 63 | 100% had neutralizing antibodies |
Abbreviations: AFP, acute flaccid paralysis; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; D&V, diarrhea and vomiting; EV, enterovirus; FluA/B, influenza A/B; HFMD, hand‐foot‐mouth disease; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; MS, multiple sclerosis; NP, nasopharyngeal; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV, rotavirus; SAFV, Saffold virus; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.