Table 3.
Results of multivariate analyses of variances (MANOVAs).
| Outsiders (n=390) M (SD) |
Victims (n=71) M (SD) |
Perpetrators (n=36) M (SD) |
Bully-victims (n=27) M (SD) |
F | df | ηp 2 | Significant Post Hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-blame | 10.21 (3.48) | 11.65 (3.71) | 10.03 (3.58) | 10.00 (2.76) | 3.66* | 3, 502 | 0.02 | V-O |
| Acceptance | 11.16 (3.35) | 11.99 (3.53) | 9.97 (3.13) | 11.89 (2.46) | 3.31* | 3, 502 | 0.02 | V-B |
| Rumination | 11.49 (4.01) | 13.14 (3.90) | 10.74 (3.95) | 11.00 (3.63) | 4.39** | 3, 502 | 0.03 | V-B, V-O |
| Positive refocusing | 10.91 (4.02) | 10.82 (4.69) | 10.66 (4.41) | 10.85 (4.38) | 0.05 | 3, 502 | 0.00 | – |
| Planning | 13.25 (3.67) | 14.32 (3.51) | 12.03 (4.09) | 13.74 (3.31) | 3.40* | 3, 502 | 0.02 | V-B |
| Positive reappraisal | 12.03 (3.82) | 12.00 (3.87) | 10.91 (4.11) | 12.07 (3.37) | 0.92 | 3, 502 | 0.01 | – |
| Putting into perspective | 11.29 (3.48) | 11.45 (3.68) | 10.14 (3.32) | 11.63 (3.48) | 1.37 | 3, 502 | 0.01 | – |
| Catastrophizing | 8.05 (3.52) | 8.34 (3.24) | 8.06 (2.74) | 8.04 (3.39) | 0.14 | 3, 502 | 0.00 | – |
| Other blame | 8.48 (2.84) | 8.01 (2.45) | 9.23 (3.91) | 9.93 (2.83) | 3.61* | 3, 502 | 0.02 | B/V-V |
| Affective empathy | 12.40 (2.69) | 12.38 (2.45) | 10.80 (2.51) | 10.56 (2.10) | 7.78** | 3, 502 | 0.04 | V-B, V-B/V, O-B, O-B/V |
| Cognitive empathy | 7.41 (1.37) | 7.89 (1.27) | 6.77 (1.80) | 6.74 (1.68) | 7.14** | 3, 502 | 0.04 | V-B, V-B/V |
| Intention to comfort | 13.06 (2.04) | 12.94 (1.71) | 11.46 (2.59) | 11.74 (2.33) | 9.35** | 3, 502 | 0.05 | V-B, O-B/V, O-B |
| Moral disengagement | 13.07 (3.74) | 12.44 (4.15) | 16.63 (4.32) | 18.56 (4.19) | 26.32** | 3, 502 | 0.14 | B-V, B-O, B/V-V, B/V-O |
O, outsiders; V, victims; B, cyberbullies; B/V, bully-victims *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.