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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2020 Feb 29;137:105523. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105523

Table 4.

Risk Ratios (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% Cis) for preterm birth (<37 weeks) per natural log-unit increase in paternal preconception urinary phenol concentrations among 229 fathers in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study, 2005–2018.

Phenol
Biomarker		 Preterm Birth
Model 1
Unadjusteda 		Preterm Birth
Model 2
Covariatesb 		Preterm Birth
Model 3
Covariates + Prenatalc 		Preterm Birth
Model 4
Covariates + Maternal Precond
RR (95% CI) RR (95% CI) RR (95% CI) RR (95% CI)
Bisphenol A
0.95 (0.52, 1.74) 0.82 (0.43, 1.55) 0.82 (0.41, 1.65) 0.69 (0.35, 1.37)
p-values 0.86 0.54 0.58 0.29
Preterm Birth n/N 18/229 18/229 17/213 18/228
Bisphenol S
0.49 (0.08, 2.98) DNC DNC DNC
p-values 0.44
Preterm Birth n/N 2/77 2/77 1/68 2/74
∑Parabense
1.27 (0.90, 1.77) 1.36 (0.94, 1.96) 1.39 (0.95, 2.04) 1.42 (0.97, 2.09)
p-values 0.17 0.10 0.09 0.07
Preterm Birth n/N 18/223 18/223 17/207 17/221
Benzophenone-3
1.01 (0.58, 1.73) 1.02 (0.53, 1.99) 0.92 (0.44, 1.94) 0.81 (0.39, 1.69)
p-values 0.98 0.95 0.83 0.58
Preterm Birth n/N 8/139 8/139 7/128 8/137
Triclosan
0.98 (0.67, 1.42) 0.97 (0.67, 1.41) 1.07 (0.59, 1.93) 0.86 (0.51, 1.46)
p-values 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.58
Preterm Birth n/N 8/139 8/139 7/128 8/137

Note: n, number of preterm birth cases; N, sample size for paternal preconception biomarker concentrations; DNC, did not converge; Precon, maternal preconception.

a

Models 1: Unadjusted.

b

Models 2: Adjusted for maternal and paternal age (continuous), maternal and paternal BMI (continuous), ART (yes/no), maternal and paternal smoking (ever/never), education (categorical).

c

Models 3: Adjusted for maternal and paternal age (continuous), maternal and paternal BMI (continuous), ART (yes/no), maternal and paternal smoking (ever/never), education (categorical) + prenatal biomarker exposure (continuous log-concentration).

d

Models 4: Adjusted for maternal and paternal age (continuous), maternal and paternal BMI (continuous), ART (yes/no), maternal and paternal smoking (ever/never), education (categorical) + maternal preconception biomarker exposure (continuous log-concentration).

e

ΣParabens: the molar sum of parabens was estimated by dividing each concentration by its molecular weight and then summing: ∑Parabens = [(Methylparaben * (1/152.15)) + (Propylparaben * (1/180.20)) + (Butylparaben * (1/194.23))]. We then weighted this sum by the molecular weight of methylparaben (152.15) to convert the molar concentration to units of ng/ml.