Table 5 –
Urinalysis.
| Dose | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Low | Medium | High | BB | |
| Quantitative measures | |||||
| Volume (mL) | 11.2 ± 4.5 | 12.4 ± 6.6 | 10.6 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 8.2 ± 3.0 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.025 ± 0.010 | 1.056 ± 0.088 | 1.028 ± 0.016 | 1.032 ± 0.020 | 1.031 ± 0.010 |
| Protein (g/L) | 0.34 ± 0.37 | 0.36 ± 0.36 | 0.41 ± 0.56 | 0.49 ± 0.36 | 0.46 ± 0.42 |
| pH | 7.6 ± 0.6 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.4* | 7.4 ± 0.8 |
| 24h metab. (umol exc.) a | 4.50 ± 0.53 w | 12.3 ± 4.87 x | 42.7 ± 16.7 y | 91.2 ± 34.6 z | 11.4 ± 3.40 x |
| Qualitative measuresb | |||||
| Color c | |||||
| Normal | 10 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 9 |
| Darkened | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
| Glucose | |||||
| Negative | 8 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 5 |
| Trace | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| Triphosphate crystals | |||||
| None | 7 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Few | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Moderate | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Many | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Values are mean ± SD for 9–10 animals per group.
BB = whole freeze-dried blueberries.
a
Quantitated as sum 24h urinary excretion of phenolic metabolites via LC-MS/MS. Letters indicate significant differences between dose groups using Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05).
b
Qualitative measures also included ketones, bilirubin, and blood in the urine, none of which were detected in samples, so they are not included in the table.
c
Color was independently graded as pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, or brown. Samples categorized as “normal” if color was yellow or pale yellow and “darkened” if dark yellow or brown.
*
Significantly different from water control (p<0.05).