Figure 2.

Expression of cytokine/chemokine in serum of patients with acute viral respiratory infection. Increased levels of interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukins 4 and 5 (IL‐4 and IL‐5) in asthmatic and non‐asthmatic patients were observed (A, B, C, D). Higher levels of TNF‐α in non‐asthmatic patients than those observed in asthmatic patients were found (B). Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor (RANTES) in asthmatic patients were observed increased (E, F). Asthmatic (n = 5); non‐asthmatic (n = 16); control (n = 10). Data were analysed using a nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis Test) and Dunn's multiple comparisons test. Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.