Figure 3.

Expression of cytokine/chemokine in serum of patients with acute mixed (viral and bacterial) respiratory infection. Increased levels of interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin 5 (IL‐5), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor (RANTES) in asthmatic and non‐asthmatic patients were observed (A, B, D, E, F). Higher levels of IL‐4 in non‐asthmatic patients than those observed in asthmatic patients were found (C). Asthmatic (n = 5); non‐asthmatic (n = 6); control (n = 10). Data were analysed using a nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal–Wallis Test) and Dunn's multiple comparisons test. Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.