Table 1.
Host lncRNAs Related With Antiviral Innate Immune Response
| lncRNAs | Stimuli | Differential Expression | Neighbor Coding Genes | Functions/Mechanisms | Subcellular Localization | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NRON (mouse, human) | HIV | Down | MVB12B | Inhibit NFAT through binding with a scaffold complex, which sequesters NFAT in cytoplasm. | Cytoplasm/ NAb whether in nucleus | 28, 50, 51 |
| NKILA (human) | IL‐1β, TNF‐α, breast cancer patienta | UP | PMEPA1 | Inhibit NF‐κB by binding with IKB and preventing the degradation of IKB. | Cytoplasm | 52 |
| lnc‐DC (mouse, human) | Differentiation stimuli from monocyte to DC. | UP | HEATR6, LOC105371849 | Bind to STAT3 in the cytoplasm and block the dephosphorylation of STAT3. | Cytoplasm | 29 |
| NeST/Tmevpg1 (mouse, human) | Theiler's murine encephalitis virus (Th1 cells) | Up | Ifng | Epigenetically activate IFN‐γ expression by binding with WDR5 and altering H3K4me3 at ifng locus, increase Theiler's virus persistence. | Nucleus | 8, 53 |
| lincRNA‐Cox2 (mouse) | Pam3CSK4, R848, LPS, Listeria Monocytogenes (not Poly I:C) | Up | Ptgs2 (Cox2) | Activate and repress distinct immune genes. Repress transcription through interactions with hnRNP A/B and A2/B1. | Nucleus and cytoplasm | 22, 54 |
| THRIL/linc1992 (human) | Pam3CSK4, Kawasaki Diseasea (acute phase) | Down | BRI3BP | Activate TNF‐α transcription by binding with hnRNP L. | Nucleus/NA whether in cytoplasm | 27 |
| Lethe (mouse, human) | TNF‐α, IL‐1β, dexamethasone, LIF, HCV (not vitamin D, estradiol, methyltrienolone, TLR agonists) | Up | Gmeb1, Ythdf2 | Inhibit NF‐κB activity by binding to subunit RelA as a decoy, suppress IL‐6, IL‐8, SOD2, and NFKBia transcription, and promote HCV replication. | Nucleus (80%), half of which on the chromatin | 17, 55 |
| NEAT1/VINC/ AK028745 (mouse, human) | HIV, JEV, RV, poly I:C | UP | FRMD8, MIR612 | Sequester SFPQ in paraspeckles, repress the transcription of IL‐8 and ADARB2, and inhibit HIV production. | Nucleus | 7, 56, 57 |
| PACER (human) | PMA, LPS | UP | COX2 | Enhance the transcription of adjacent COX2 through binding with p50. | Nucleus | 58 |
| NRAV (human) | IAV, SeV, MDRV, HSV | Down | Dynll1 | Epigenetically inhibit the transcription of ISGs, increase IAV replication. | Nucleus and cytoplasm | 9 |
| lncRNA‐CMPK2 (human) | IFN‐α, IFN‐γ, HCVa | Up | CMPK2 | Benefit for HCV replication as a negative regulator of protein‐coding ISGs. | Nucleus | 16 |
| lincRNA VIN (human) | IAV and VSV (not by IBV, RNA mimics, IFN‐β) | Up | LOC100499194, ACTR3 | Support the IAV replication and viral protein synthesis. | Nucleus | 49 |
| lncBST2/BISPR (human) | IFN‐α2, IFN‐λ, IAV (PR8ΔNS1), VSV (M51R), HCVa, | Up | BST2 | Control the expression of BST2 mRNA positively. | Nucleus | 59 |
| lncISG15 (human) | IFN‐α2, IFN‐λ, IAV (PR8ΔNS1), VSV (M51R), HCVa | Up | ISG15 | NAb | Nucleus | 59 |
| ISR2 (human) | IFN‐α2, IFN‐β, HCVa, IAV (PR8ΔNS1), HIVa | Up | GBP6 | NA | Nucleus | 60 |
| ISR8 (human) | IFN‐α2, IFN‐β, HCVa, IAV (PR8ΔNS1) | Up | IRF1 | NA | Nucleus | 60 |
| ISR12 (human) | IFN‐α2, IFN‐β | Up | IL6 | NA | Nucleus | 60 |
a
Detect differential expression in samples of pathogen‐infected patient.
b
NA, not available.