Table 1.
Sociodemographic and psychometric characteristics.
| Characteristics (n,%) | Total | No psychological distress | Mild psychological distress | Moderate-to-severe psychological distress | χ2 or F | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 500 | 310 (62) | 97 (19.4) | 93 (18.6) | |||
| Age | 22.55 | 8 | 0.004 | ||||
| 18-27 | 116 (23.2) | 60 (19.4) | 25 (25.8) | 31 (33.3) | |||
| 28-37 | 129 (25.8) | 71 (22.9) | 28 (28.9) | 30 (32.3) | |||
| 38-47 | 83 (16.6) | 53 (17.1) | 17 (17.5) | 13 (14) | |||
| 48-57 | 81 (16.2) | 55 (17.7) | 13 (13.4) | 13 (14) | |||
| >57 | 91 (18.2) | 71 (22.9) | 14 (14.4) | 6 (6.4) | |||
| Gender | 7.08 | 2 | 0.029 | ||||
| Female | 298 (59.6) | 171 (55.2) | 67 (69.1) | 60 (64.5) | |||
| Male | 202 (40.4) | 139 (44.8) | 30 (30.9) | 33 (35.5) | |||
| Educational level | 2.55 | 2 | 0.279 | ||||
| ≤Undergraduate | 147 (29.4) | 99 (31.9) | 25 (25.8) | 23 (24.7) | |||
| ≥Graduate | 353 (70.6) | 211 (68.1) | 72 (74.2) | 70 (75.3) | |||
| Occupation | 3.44 | 4 | 0.486 | ||||
| Student | 72 (14.4) | 40 (12.9) | 13 (13.4) | 19 (20.4) | |||
| Employed | 350 (70) | 221 (71.3) | 68 (70.1) | 61 (65.6) | |||
| Unemployed | 78 (15.6) | 49 (15.8) | 16 (16.5) | 13 (14) | |||
| Marital status | 5.5 | 2 | 0.064 | ||||
| Married | 181 (36.2) | 124 (40) | 27 (27.8) | 30 (32.3) | |||
| Unmarried | 319 (63.8) | 186 (60) | 70 (72.2) | 63 (67.7) | |||
| Geographic location | 4.55 | 4 | 0.336 | ||||
| Northern Italy | 112 (22.4) | 71 (22.9) | 17 (17.5) | 24 (25.8) | |||
| Central Italy | 211 (42.2) | 133 (43) | 37 (38.1) | 41 (45.1) | |||
| Southern Italy and Islands | 177 (35.4) | 106 (34.3) | 43 (44.3) | 28 (30.8) | |||
| Lifetime history of chronic disease | 148 (29.6) | 93 (30) | 31 (32) | 24 (25.8) | 0.92 | 2 | 0.63 |
| Family history of psychiatric disorders | 67 (13.4) | 46 (14.8) | 8 (8.2) | 13 (14) | 2.8 | 2 | 0.247 |
| Living alone | 70 (14) | 38 (12.3) | 18 (18.6) | 14 (15.1) | 2.54 | 2 | 0.281 |
| Changes in working activities | 439 (87.8) | 275 (88.7) | 84 (86.6) | 80 (86) | 0.64 | 2 | 0.724 |
| Working on frontline | 128 (25.6) | 85 (27.4) | 20 (20.6) | 23 (24.7) | 1.84 | 2 | 0.399 |
| Contact with COVID-19 + case | 65 (13) | 40 (12.9) | 9 (9.3) | 16 (17.2) | 2.64 | 2 | 0.267 |
| Psychometric assessment (M ± SD) | |||||||
| TEMPS-A Cyclothymic | 3.78 (3.17) | 2.75 (2.54) | 4.41 (2.98) | 6.54 (3.44) | 54.03 | 2 | <0.001 |
| TEMPS-A Depressive | 2.1 (2.21) | 1.33 (1.66) | 2.5 (1.98) | 4.26 (2.49) | 63.98 | 2 | <0.001 |
| TEMPS-A Irritable | 1.16 (1.45) | 0.91 (1.25) | 1.53 (1.62) | 1.63 (1.7) | 11.43 | 2 | <0.001 |
| TEMPS-A Hyperthymic | 4.39 (2.39) | 4.59 (2.05) | 4.24 (2.2) | 3.87 (2.01) | 4.76 | 2 | 0.01 |
| TEMPS-A Anxious | 1.46 (1.09) | 1.2 (1.04) | 1.79 (0.99) | 1.99 (1.07) | 26.87 | 2 | <0.001 |
| ASQ Confidence | 33.2 (5.36) | 34.45 (4.73) | 32.6 (4.91) | 29.59 (6.05) | 27.15 | 2 | <0.001 |
| ASQ Discomfort with closeness | 37.5 (7.67) | 36.5 (7.32) | 38.66 (7.64) | 39.82 (8.24) | 7.63 | 2 | <0.001 |
| ASQ Relationships as secondary | 15.7 (5.46) | 15.31 (5.55) | 15.73 (5.1) | 16.84 (5.39) | 2.82 | 2 | 0.06 |
| ASQ Need for approval | 21 (6.54) | 18.94 (5.6) | 22.62 (6.03) | 26.05 (6.76) | 49.11 | 2 | <0.001 |
| ASQ Preoccupation with relationships | 29.1 (6.32) | 27.44 (5.9) | 31.07 (5.83) | 32.29 (6.39) | 29.1 | 2 | <0.001 |
Significant resultsin bold (after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; df, degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test; p, statistical significance; F, value of variance of the group means; TEMPS-A, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire; ASQ, Attachment Style Questionnaire.