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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Mutat Res. 2020 Feb 20;819-820:111690. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111690

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Activation of AKT mediates therapy resistance in solid tumors. Ionizing radiation, chemotherapy agents, and ligand-induced activation of membrane-bound receptors induce activation of AKT. AKT activity stimulates DNA repair leading to inhibition of apoptosis (induced by chemotherapy) and preventing mitotic catastrophe (induced by irradiation). IR-induced AKT activation in nuclear fraction is independent of AKT phosphorylation in cytoplasmic fraction. Please see the text for more details on the depicted signaling pathways.