Table 3.
Demographic, Physical Growth, Cardinal FAS Features, Other Minor Anomalies and Total Dysmorphology Scores for in a Southeastern US County
| All Children* (n=2558) |
Children with FAS (n=8) |
Children with PFAS (n=16) |
Children with ARND (n=25) |
Randomly- Selected Control Children (n=413) |
Test- score |
p-value** | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth and Cardinal Features | ||||||||||||
| Sex (% Male) | -- | 0.0 | 50.0 | 60.0 | 52.8 | χ2=9.433 | .024 | |||||
| Current Age (months) - Mean (SD) | -- | -- | 82.0 | (4.2) | 81.8 | (5.0) | 81.1 | (3.5) | 81.6 | (4.6) | F=.117 | .950 |
| Preterm (% Yes)+ | -- | 12.5 | 14.3 | 36.0 | 12.6 | χ2=10.029 | .022 | |||||
| Birth weight (grams) – Mean (SD) + | -- | -- | 2834 | (250) | 3335 | (780) | 2801 | (990) | 3225 | (596) | 4.249 | .006C |
| Height Centile – Mean (SD) | 52.3 | (29.0) | 8.0 | (9.8) | 34.9 | (26.5) | 43.4 | (26.7) | 52.8 | (28.2) | F=9.221 | <.001A,B,C |
| Weight Percentile – Mean (SD) | 59.6 | (28.9) | 15.6 | (19.4) | 46.3 | (29.7) | 51.2 | (35.6) | 58.6 | (28.3) | F=7.000 | <.001B,C |
| Child's BMI Percentage – Mean (SD) | -- | -- | 38.8 | (32.0) | 57.1 | (34.1) | 56.8 | (34.5) | 61.3 | (27.7) | F=1.937 | .123 |
| Occipitofrontal Circumference (OFC) Centile – Mean (SD) | 55.9 | (30.2) | 5.3 | (3.9) | 29.4 | (22.0) | 38.0 | (35.1) | 55.8 | (29.9) | F=13.50 | <.001A,B,C,E |
| OFC ≤3rd centile | -- | 50.0 | 12.5 | 20.0 | 3.9 | χ2=41.652 | <.001 | |||||
| OFC ≤10th centile | -- | 100.0 | 25.0 | 36.0 | 8.7 | χ2=77.163 | <.001 | |||||
| Palpebral Fissure Length (PFL) Percentile – Mean (SD) | -- | 8.6 | (9.9) | 18.8 | (19.1) | 33.5 | (13.4) | 32.7 | (15.3) | F=10.935 | <.001B,C | |
| PFL ≤3rd centile | -- | 25.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | χ2=38.490 | <.001 | |||||
| PFL ≤10th centile | -- | 75.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | χ2=77.409 | <.001 | |||||
| Smooth Philtrum (% Yes) | -- | 87.5 | 62.5 | 16.0 | 14.8 | χ2=51.020 | <.001 | |||||
| Narrow Vermilion (% Yes) | -- | 87.5 | 93.8 | 12.0 | 13.6 | χ2=96.409 | <.001 | |||||
| Other Minor Anomalies | ||||||||||||
| Inner Pupillary Distance (IPD) Percentile – Mean (SD) | -- | 36.9 | (24.6) | 47.7 | (24.3) | 50.3 | (25.8) | 57.3 | (25.8) | F=2.694 | .046 | |
| Outer Canthal Distance (OCD) Percentile – Mean (SD) | -- | 18.8 | (14.7) | 24.4 | (15.1) | 31.3 | (17.5) | 34.6 | (20.2) | F=3.025 | .029 | |
| Maxillary Arc (in cm) – Mean (SD) | -- | 23.0 | (0.6) | 24.0 | (1.1) | 24.0 | (1.3) | 24.6 | (1.2) | F=7.323 | <.001B,C | |
| Mandibular Arc (in cm) – Mean (SD) | -- | 24.1 | (1.0) | 24.8 | (1.2) | 25.1 | (1.4) | 25.6 | (1.4) | F=5.819 | .001C | |
| Ptosis (% Yes) | 37.5 | 25.0 | 12.0 | 8.0 | χ2=11.144 | .011 | ||||||
| Hypoplastic Nails (% Yes) | 0.0 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.5 | χ2=8.170 | .043 | ||||||
| Total Dysmorphology Score – Mean (SD) | -- | 15.8 | (3.8) | 10.8 | (3.1) | 5.2 | (3.9) | 4.4 | (3.1) | F=52.060 | <001B,C,D,E | |
Post-hoc significant difference between:
A.
FAS & PFAS
B.
FAS & ARND
C.
FAS & Controls
D.
PFAS & ARND
E.
PFAS & Controls
F.
ARND & Controls
+
As reported in the maternal questionnaire.
*
All children consented to initial screening, tests of significance only compared the children with FASD and controls.
**
Bonferroni adjusted significance level for Growth and Cardinal Features = 0.005; for other minor anomalies = .007