Table 4.
Neurocognitive Findings Among Children with FASD and Randomly-Selected Controls in a Southeastern County
| Children with FASD (n=49) |
Randomly- Selected Control Children (n=444) |
t-test | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||
| Intellectual Domain | (n=49) | (n=302) | ||||
| General Abilities Percentile | 35.6 | (23.8) | 51.1 | (26.0) | −3.910 | <.001** |
| Verbal Cluster Percentile | 42.3 | (26.1) | 54.0 | (27.5) | −2.790 | .006** |
| Nonverbal Reasoning Cluster Percentile | 32.4 | (27.1) | 44.3 | (26.0) | −2.694 | .003** |
| Spatial Cluster Percentile | 40.0 | (24.3) | 54.9 | (24.3) | −3.970 | <.001** |
| Executive Function | (n=49) | (n=302) | ||||
| INN (Naming) combined scaled score | 8.2 | (4.2) | 9.7 | (3.6) | 2.628 | .009** |
| INN vs. INI Contrast Scaled Score | 8.0 | (3.3) | 9.3 | (3.3) | −2.461 | .014* |
| INI (Inhibition) combined scaled score | 7.5 | (3.3) | 9.3 | (3.4) | −3.338 | .001** |
| INS (Switching) combined scaled score | 8.0 | (3.0) | 9.0 | (3.0) | −2.062 | .040* |
| Speeded Naming Combined scaled score | 7.8 | (3.0) | 9.2 | (3.1) | −2.884 | .004** |
| Learning1 | (n=43) | (n=249) | ||||
| BBCS School Readiness Composite Scaled Score | 10.3 | (2.9) | 11.3 | (2.6) | −2.322 | .021** |
| BBCS Readiness Composite Standard Score | 101.5 | (14.5) | 106.4 | (12.9) | −2.297 | .022** |
| Visual Spatial | (n=49) | (n=302) | ||||
| VMI Standard Score | 93.6 | (7.6) | 95.4 | (10.6) | −1.105 | .270 |
| Visuomotor Precision Combined scaled score | 7.9 | (3.2) | 9.4 | (3.3) | −2.950 | .003** |
| Mood Regulation2 | ||||||
| CBCL Anxious/depressed t-score | 55.2 | (6.1) | 53.2 | (5.1) | 2.289 | .023* |
| TRF Anxious/depressed t-score | 54.2 | (7.2) | 52.0 | (4.6) | 2.084 | .042* |
| CBCL Withdrawn/depressed t-score | 56.1 | (7.9) | 53.4 | (5.2) | 2.095 | .041* |
| TRF Withdrawn/depressed t-score | 56.1 | (7.7) | 52.2 | (4.6) | 3.461 | .001** |
| CBCL Internalizing Problems t-score | 53.7 | (11.0) | 48.5 | (9.7) | 3.132 | .002** |
| TRF Internalizing Problems t-score | 49.7 | (11.4) | 44.5 | (8.7) | 3.022 | .004** |
| CBCL Externalizing Problems t-score | 54.2 | (10.8) | 48.0 | (10.0) | 3.690 | <.001** |
| TRF Externalizing Problems t-score | 53.8 | (11.0) | 48.9 | (8.4) | 2.968 | .004** |
| CBCL Affective problems t-score | 58.5 | (8.3) | 53.7 | (5.1) | 3.614 | .001** |
| TRF Affective problems t-score | 56.2 | (7.7) | 52.2 | (4.9) | 3.475 | .001** |
| CBCL Anxiety problems t-score | 55.3 | (6.7) | 53.7 | (5.6) | 1.617 | .107 |
| TRF Anxiety problems t-score | 54.9 | (6.7) | 52.2 | (5.0) | 2.675 | .010* |
| Attention2 | ||||||
| CBCL Attention problems t-score | 59.3 | (9.2) | 55.2 | (7.6) | 3.135 | .002** |
| TRF Attention problems t-score | 58.1 | (8.9) | 53.6 | (6.5) | 3.298 | .002** |
| CBCL Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems t-score | 58.3 | (8.5) | 55.1 | (7.3) | 2.345 | .023* |
| TRF Attention deficit/hyperactivity problems t-score | 57.9 | (8.2) | 54.2 | (7.3) | 2.895 | .005** |
| Impulse Control2 | ||||||
| CBCL Rule-breaking behavior t-score | 55.0 | (6.2) | 53.8 | (5.0) | 1.410 | .160 |
| TRF Rule-breaking behavior t-score | 56.4 | (7.5) | 53.2 | (5.4) | 2.797 | .007* |
| CBCL Aggressive behavior t-score | 57.8 | (9.1) | 53.3 | (5.6) | 3.116 | .003** |
| TRF Aggressive behavior t-score | 56.7 | (9.3) | 52.9 | (5.6) | 2.768 | .008* |
| CBCL Oppositional defiant problems t-score | 58.0 | (8.2) | 54.3 | (5.9) | 2.824 | .007* |
| TRF Oppositional defiant problems t-score | 55.8 | (7.5) | 52.9 | (5.5) | 2.528 | .015* |
| CBCL Conduct problems t-score | 55.5 | (7.2) | 53.3 | (5.2) | 1.918 | .061 |
| TRF Conduct problems t-score | 56.5 | (8.2) | 52.9 | (5.4) | 2.9928 | .005** |
| Adaptive Function3 | ||||||
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Communication Standard Score | 90.9 | (16.0) | 105.1 | (17.5) | −3.722 | <.001** |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Communication Standard Score | 91.5 | (14.9) | 99.7 | (14.6) | −3.439 | .001** |
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Daily Living Skills Standard Score | 99.3 | (21.6) | 106.0 | (16.9) | −1.746 | .083 |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Daily Living Skills Standard Score | 93.0 | (14.8) | 100.3 | (14.3) | −3.142 | .002** |
| Vineland (Parent) VABS Socialization Standard Score | 97.7 | (22.3) | 102.9 | (17.1) | −1.328 | .186 |
| Vineland (Teacher) VABS Socialization Standard Score | 96.2 | (17.5) | 105.4 | (15.7) | −3.382 | .001** |
1.
Children less than 7 at time evaluation did not complete a BRACKEN.
2.
For CBCL: n=43 for FASD; n=232 for Controls. For TRF: n=47 for FASD; n=370 for Controls.
3.
For Vineland (Parent): n=24 for FASD; n=150 for Controls. For Vineland (Teacher): n=43 for FASD; n=342 for Controls.
*
Significant at <0.05
**
Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted level of significance: Intellectual: 0.0125; Executive Function: 0.01; Learning: 0.025; Visual Spatial: 0.025; Mood Regulation: 0.004; Attention: 0.0125; Impulse Control: 0.006; Adaptive Function: 0.008