Table 5.
Proximal Maternal Risk Factors for FASD: Alcohol and Drug Use a Southeastern County
| Children with FASD (n=47) |
Randomly- Selected Control Children (n=251) |
χ2 or t-test |
p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||
| Alcohol Use – Before and During Pregnancy | ||||||
| Drank before pregnancy (% Yes) | 83.0 | 49.6 | 17.784 | <.001** | ||
| # of drinks consumed on usual drinking day before pregnancy1 | 4.3 | (2.1) | 2.6 | (2.8) | 3.314 | .001** |
| Mdn = 4.0 | Mdn = 2.0 | — | -- | |||
| Usual frequency – before pregnancy1 | ||||||
| Everyday or almost everyday | 13.2 | 7.4 | ||||
| 3-4 times per week | 10.5 | 5.8 | ||||
| 1-2 times per week | 47.4 | 24.0 | ||||
| 3 times per month | 18.4 | 16.5 | ||||
| 1 time per month or less | 10.5 | 46.3 | 16.865 | .002** | ||
| Days drank more than usual – before pregnancy1 (% Yes) | 22.7 | 15.8 | 1.284 | .257 | ||
| Drank in 1st trimester (% Yes) | 24.4 | 4.4 | 22.080 | <.001A,** | ||
| # of drinks on usual drinking day1 -1st | 3.4 | (2.9) | 5.2 | (6.7) | −0.718 | .483 |
| Usual frequency1 – 1st | ||||||
| Everyday or almost everyday | 18.2 | 10.0 | ||||
| 3-4 times per week | 18.2 | 10.0 | ||||
| 1-2 times per week | 27.3 | 10.0 | ||||
| 2-3 times per month | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1 time per month or less | 36.4 | 70.0 | 2.443 | .486 | ||
| Drank in 2nd trimester (% Yes) | 17.8 | 1.6 | 25458 | <.001A,** | ||
| # of drinks on usual drinking day1 -2nd | 1.7 | (1.0) | 6.3 | (9.2) | −0.872 | .474 |
| Usual frequency1 – 2nd | ||||||
| Everyday or almost everyday | 25.0 | 33.3 | ||||
| 3-4 times per week | 12.5 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1-2 times per week | 25.0 | 33.3 | ||||
| 2-3 times per month | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1 time per month or less | 37.5 | 33.3 | .497 | .920 | ||
| Drank in 3rd trimester (% Yes) | 17.0 | 3.2 | 14.660 | <.001A,** | ||
| # of drinks on usual drinking day1 - 3rd | 1.1 | (0.4) | 2.4 | (3.5) | −0.922 | .373 |
| Usual frequency1 – 3rd | ||||||
| Everyday or almost everyday | 0.0 | 12.5 | ||||
| 3-4 times per week | 0.0 | 12.5 | ||||
| 1-2 times per week | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| 2-3 times per month | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| 1 time per month or less | 100.0 | 75.0 | 3.013 | .556 | ||
| Alcohol Use - Current | ||||||
| Drink in past 30 days (% Yes) | 59.1 | 52.7 | .617 | .432 | ||
| Binge 5+ in past month (% Yes) | 14.0 | 10.3 | .494 | .482 | ||
| Why usually drink: because others drink | 25.0 | 16.3 | 1.967 | .161 | ||
| Why usually drink: to feel less anxious | 11.4 | 7.3 | .837 | .360 | ||
| Recovering drinker (% Yes) | 0.0 | 1.0 | .362 | .547 | ||
| Other Drug Use | ||||||
| Used tobacco – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 38.3 | 13.2 | 17.521 | <.001** | ||
| Used any drugs in pregnancy (% Yes) | 17.0 | 4.0 | 11.562 | .001A,** | ||
| Abused prescription drugs – in pregnancy | 8.5 | 1.6 | 7.125 | .024A,* | ||
| Used marijuana – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 14.9 | 2.8 | 12.663 | .002A,** | ||
| Used marijuana & alcohol – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 14.9 | 0.4 | 30.660 | <.001A** | ||
| Used cocaine - during pregnancy (% Yes) | 8.9 | 0.8 | 12.346 | .006A,* | ||
| Used tobacco | ||||||
| Yes, within last 30 days | 40.4 | 18.5 | ||||
| Yes, in lifetime | 25.5 | 32.1 | ||||
| Never | 34.0 | 49.4 | 13.658 | .001** | ||
| Used any drug in lifetime (% Yes) | 70.2 | 42.3 | 12.331 | <.001** | ||
| Used marijuana – in lifetime (% Yes) | 70.2 | 41.7 | 12.913 | <.001** | ||
| Used methamphetamine – in lifetime (% Yes) | 6.7 | 2.0 | 3.056 | .110 | ||
| Used heroin – in lifetime (% Yes) | 8.9 | 1.2 | 9.531 | .012A,* | ||
| Used club drugs – in lifetime (% Yes) | 30.4 | 7.8 | 19.813 | <.001A,** | ||
| Used crack/cocaine – in lifetime (% Yes) | 19.6 | 5.3 | 11.422 | .003A,** | ||
| Abused pain killers – in lifetime (% Yes) | 17.0 | 5.6 | 7.409 | .013* | ||
1
Among women who drank in that specific time period.
A
Fisher’s Exact Test
*
Significant at <0.05
**
Bonferroni-adjusted significant levels: alcohol use -before and during pregnancy = 0.004; alcohol use – current = 0.01; other drug use = 0.004.