Table 6.
Distal Maternal Risk Factors for FASD: Physical, Demographic, and Childbearing Variables in a Southeastern County
| Children with FASD (n=47) |
Randomly- Selected Control Children (n=251) |
χ2 or t-test |
p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | |||
| Physical | ||||||
| Age at pregnancy (yrs) | 27.6 | (5.8) | 28.5 | (5.8) | 0.675 | .335 |
| Height at interview (cm) | 161.7 | (6.1) | 163.2 | (8.0) | −1.117 | .240 |
| Weight at interview (kg) | 73.9 | (17.2) | 78.2 | (20.0) | −1.304 | .193 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 28.2 | (6.3) | 29.3 | (7.0) | −0.936 | .350 |
| Head circumference | 55.2 | (1.9) | 55.6 | (2.4) | −1.072 | .284 |
| Health indicators | ||||||
| Weight before pregnancy (in kg) | 65.2 | (17.5) | 67.3 | (15.8) | 0.763 | .401 |
| Asthma – in lifetime (% Yes) | 22.2 | 12.1 | 3.313 | .069 | ||
| Stomach ulcers – in lifetime (% Yes) | 4.5 | 3.6 | 0.083 | .675A | ||
| Neurological conditions/ epilepsy - lifetime | 15.6 | 5.6 | 5.622 | .027A* | ||
| Liver problems / hepatitis – in lifetime | 11.1 | 2.4 | 7.915 | .016A* | ||
| Depression – in lifetime (% Yes) | 70.2 | 41.9 | 12.702 | <.001** | ||
| Childbearing | ||||||
| Gravidity | 3.7 | (2.8) | 3.2 | (1.7) | 1.114 | .270 |
| Parity | 2.7 | (1.1) | 2.6 | (1.2) | 0.419 | .676 |
| Miscarriages | 0.9 | (2.3) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 1.161 | .251 |
| Abortions | 0.1 | (0.5) | 0.1 | (0.3) | 0.666 | .508 |
| Stillbirths | 0.0 | (0.2) | 0.0 | (0.1) | 0.940 | .348 |
| Birth order of index child | 2.0 | (1.1) | 2.0 | (1.2) | 0.408 | .880 |
| Week of pregnancy recognition | 7.7 | (5.6) | 5.7 | (3.1) | 2.355 | .022 |
| Prenatal Care | ||||||
| Once knew pregnant, take vitamins (% Yes) | 93.3 | 95.9 | 0.603 | .432 | ||
| # of times seen by healthcare provider | ||||||
| Never | 2.3 | 0.4 | ||||
| 1-5 times | 0.0 | 1.2 | ||||
| More than 5 times | 97.7 | 98.4 | 2.441 | .323 | ||
| When first seen by healthcare provider | ||||||
| 1st trimester | 84.4 | 93.6 | ||||
| 2nd trimester | 11.1 | 4.8 | ||||
| 3rd trimester | 2.2 | 0.8 | ||||
| Delivery only | 2.2 | 0.8 | 4.500 | .183 | ||
| Other health problems - during pregnancy | 30.4 | 25.1 | 0.574 | .466 | ||
| Accidents/injury – during pregnancy (% Yes) | 8.7 | 10.8 | 0.190 | .798A | ||
| Postpartum depression (% Yes) | 27.3 | 20.2 | 1.101 | .319 | ||
| Postnatal Variables | ||||||
| Child’s Birth weight (grams) | 2970 | (864) | 3225 | (596) | −1.921 | .060 |
| Estimated gestation age at birth (in weeks) | 37.7 | (3.8) | 38.7 | (2.2) | −1.735 | .089 |
| COI had problem(s) at birth (% Yes) | 59.6 | 50.0 | 1.450 | .266A | ||
| Breastfed (% Yes) | 55.3 | 76.0 | 8.531 | .005* | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding (in months)1 | 5.5 | (6.0) | 7.6 | (7.2) | −1.292 | .198 |
| Supplement with formula1 | 76.0 | 72.0 | 0.181 | .814 | ||
| Consumed alcohol in breastfeeding period | 8.3 | 13.2 | 0.461 | .746 | ||
| Pump and dump (%Yes)1 among mothers who breastfed | 20.0 | 28.0 | .292 | .723A | ||
| Pump and dump (% Yes)2 among mothers who drank during period of breastfeeding | 100.0 | 79.2 | 0.516 | 1.00A | ||
| Age of biological father (in years) | 28.7 | (7.0) | 30.4 | (6.4) | −1.635 | .103 |
| Child lives with biological mother (% Yes) | 76.6 | 93.6 | 13.749 | .001A* | ||
| Child lives with: | ||||||
| Foster/Adopted/Relative | 9.5 | 4.0 | ||||
| Biological mother | 26.2 | 19.0 | ||||
| Biological father | 4.8 | 1.6 | ||||
| Biological mother and father | 59.5 | 75.3 | 8.957 | .023A** | ||
| Partner ever had a drinking problem | ||||||
| Never | 75.6 | 84.1 | ||||
| In the past, but not currently | 14.6 | 8.4 | ||||
| Currently | 0.0 | 1.3 | ||||
| Both past and currently | 9.8 | 6.3 | 2.923 | .404 | ||
| Years of Education completed | 13.5 | (2.8) | 13.8 | (3.4) | −0.578 | .561 |
| Household yearly income - during pregnancy | 45549 | (42587) | 58256 | (40656) | −1.839 | .067 |
| Household yearly income – at interview | 51125 | (41147) | 67398 | (52400) | −1.942 | .053 |
| Marital Status – Current | ||||||
| Married | 52.2 | 68.5 | ||||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 30.4 | 17.3 | ||||
| Living with partner | 17.4 | 14.1 | 5.294 | .073 | ||
| Marital Status – During Pregnancy | ||||||
| Married | 40.4 | 68.4 | ||||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated/Single | 17.0 | 7.6 | ||||
| Living with partner | 42.6 | 24.0 | 13.758 | .002A** | ||
| Spirituality: none [0] to high [10]1 | 5.6 | (2.2) | 6.9 | (2.3) | −3.598 | <.001** |
1
Among women who breastfed.
2
Among women who breastfed and consumed alcohol in the breastfeeding period.
3
Among women who reported drinking in the specific time period.
4
Pump and dump is the colloquial name for expressing breastmilk after drinking alcohol and disposing of it.
A
Fisher’s Exact Test
*
Significant at 0.05
**
Significant at the Bonferroni-adjusted level: physical = 0.01; health indicators = 0.01; childbearing = 0.007; prenatal care = 0.001; postnatal = 0.004.