TABLE 3.
Fasting biomarkers of glycemic control and complete metabolic panel in men with type 2 diabetes at baseline and after 8 wk consuming freeze-dried blueberries or placebo1
| Blueberry (n = 26) | Placebo (n = 26) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline2 | 8 wk3 | Baseline2 | 8 wk3 | P 4 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 148.4 ± 4.8 | 146.3 ± 5.4 | 150.8 ± 4.7 | 153.3 ± 10.2 | 0.54 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 12.8 ± 1.4 | 16.8 ± 2.3 | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 13.2 ± 4.4 | 0.48 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 0.03 |
| Fructosamine, µmol/L | 290.5 ± 8.7 | 275.5 ± 4.1 | 289.5 ± 9.2 | 292.4 ± 7.9 | 0.04 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140.1 ± 0.4 | 139.8 ± 0.4 | 139.7 ± 0.5 | 139.1 ± 0.7 | 0.41 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 0.89 |
| Chloride, mEq/L | 104.1 ± 0.6 | 103.6 ± 0.5 | 103.7 ± 0.5 | 104.0 ± 0.9 | 0.69 |
| Carbon dioxide, mEq/L | 26.9 ± 0.6 | 27.1 ± 0.5 | 27.2 ± 0.3 | 26.4 ± 0.9 | 0.47 |
| Urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 19.9 ± 1.2 | 17.2 ± 0.9 | 16.6 ± 0.8 | 19.1 ± 1.6 | 0.32 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 ± 0.04 | 1.0 ± 0.02 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 1.0 ± 0.04 | 0.94 |
| Calcium, mg/dL | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 0.35 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 76.7 ± 3.5 | 80.9 ± 2.0 | 85.8 ± 3.7 | 79.7 ± 3.7 | 0.77 |
| Protein, total, g/dL | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 0.66 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.9 ± 0.04 | 3.9 ± 0.03 | 3.9 ± 0.04 | 3.9 ± 0.06 | 0.93 |
| Bilirubin, total, mg/dL | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.6 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.08 | 0.7 ± 0.06 | 0.38 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, units/L | 77.8 ± 4.6 | 74.7 ± 1.6 | 76.5 ± 5.1 | 78.5 ± 2.9 | 0.27 |
| AST, units/L | 23.5 ± 1.9 | 23.2 ± 1.4 | 24.9 ± 2.9 | 30.5 ± 2.7 | 0.02 |
| ALT, units/L | 36.5 ± 2.7 | 35.6 ± 1.5 | 39.9 ± 3.8 | 48.3 ± 2.9 | 0.0003 |
| Urine MA:CR, mg/g | 124.5 ± 90.1 | 123.8 ± 77.9 | 180.1 ± 80.4 | 178.9 ± 78.9 | 0.74 |
1
ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MA:CR, microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio.
2
Values are arithmetic means ± SEs from samples collected before the dietary intervention (preintervention values).
3
Values are least-squares means ± SEs (adjusted for the baseline values) from a linear mixed-model ANOVA that included covariates of age, baseline (preintervention values), BMI, and weight.
4
Values are for the blueberry and placebo comparison at 8 wk.