. 2009 May 15:1003–1069. doi: 10.1016/B978-032304841-5.50053-4

Table 51-15.

Independent Risk Factors for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Multivariate Analysis of Published Studies

Host Factors	Intervention Factors
Serum albumin, <2.2 g/dL	H₂ blockers ± antacids
Age, ≥60 yr	Paralytic agents, continuous intravenous sedation
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	Receipt of >4 units of blood
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other chronic pulmonary diseases	Intracranial pressure monitoring
Coma or impaired consciousness	Mechanical ventilation in excess of 48 hr
Burns, trauma	Positive end-expiratory pressure
Organ failure	Frequent ventilator circuit changes
Advanced severity of illness	Reintubation
Large-volume gastric aspiration	Nasogastric tube
Gastric colonization and gastric pH	Supine head position
Upper respiratory tract colonization	Transport out of the intensive care unit
Sinusitis	Prior antibiotic therapy

Modified from Chastre J, Fagon JY: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2002;165:867-903.