Table 1.

Summary of Clinical Studies of Brain Outcomes Associated with Prenatal Preeclampsia Exposure^a

Category		Relevant findings in offspring	Refs
Neuropsychiatric outcomes	Autism	↑ Autism and autism symptoms with PEb and ↑ PE severity, ↑ PE with autism	[8–14]
	ADHD	↑ ADHD +/– stimulant treatment with PE	[8,17,18]
	Anxiety and mood disorders	↑ Anxiety and depressive disorders and symptoms +/– autonomic dysfunction with PE or hypertensive pregnancy (females N males)	[19,27,28,30]
	Schizophrenia	↑ Schizophrenia, psychotic disorders with PE or hypertensive pregnancy	[27,29,30,36]
	Emotional dysregulation	↑ Difficult temperament, ↓ or no change in internalizing problems with PE	[20,38,39]
	Eating disorders	No change in eating disorder incidence with PE	[14]
Cognitive outcomes		↓ Or no change in IQ, ↓ development, ↓ working memory, ↓ verbal ability, ↓ math scores, ↑ memory problems with PE or hypertensive pregnancy	[30,39,42–51]
Neurological outcomes	Cerebral palsy	↑ Cerebral palsy (overall, not subtype-specific) with PE	[14,58,59]
	Stroke	↑ Stroke with PE	[56]
	Other	↑ Epilepsy, infantile spasms, sleep apnea, or no motor/neurological problems with PE	[14,39]
Brain abnormalities	Volume	↑ Cerebellum, temporal lobe, brain stem, amygdala, caudate nucleus, and superior longitudinal fasciculus volume with PE	[16,63]
	Connectivity	↑ Fractional anisotropy in caudate; ↑ parallel diffusivity in cingulate; ↑ functional connectivity between amygdalae and frontal poles and medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus; ↓ functional connectivity between medial prefrontal cortex and left occipital fusiform with PE	[63,64]
	Vasculature	↓ Occipital and parietal lobe cerebral vessel radii with PE	[16]

^aSee Table S1 in the supplemental information online for details of each study.

^bAbbreviation^: PE, preeclampsia.