Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals with and without diabetes
| No microangiopathy or macroangiopathy | Only microangiopathy | Only macroangiopathy | Microangiopathy and macroangiopathy | Unspecific* | Missing | |
| Individuals with diabetes | ||||||
| Enrolled, n (%) | 1660 (51) | 349 (11) | 263 (8) | 109 (3) | 858 (26) | 0 |
| Female, n (%) | 708 (43) | 141 (40) | 73 (28) | 31 (28) | 303 (35) | 0 |
| Age (years) | 62 (55–68) | 62 (53–69) | 67 (62–72) | 65 (61–70) | 63 (55–68) | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 (26–33) | 28 (25–33) | 30 (28–34) | 31 (26–34) | 29 (26–33) | 9 |
| Waist:hip ratio (n above limit† (%)) | 1432 (86) | 288 (83) | 244 (93) | 98 (91) | 741 (87) | 14 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 147 (134–160) | 146 (134–160) | 149 (136–164.5) | 146 (129–165) | 146 (131–160) | 37 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 2.2 (1.7–2.6) | 2.0 (1.7–2.4) | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) | 11 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 9 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 51 (45–58) | 54 (46–63) | 50 (45–57) | 52 (45–61) | 57 (50–66) | 13 |
| HbA1c, %DCCT units | 6.8 (6.3–7.5) | 7.1 (6.4–7.9) | 6.7 (6.3–7.4) | 6.9 (6.3–7.7) | 7.4 (6.7–8.2) | 13 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87 (74–96) | 84 (67–96) | 79 (65–90) | 75 (55–89) | 83 (66–95) | 26 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 6 | |||||
| Never | 634 (38) | 128 (37) | 62 (24) | 26 (24) | 272 (32) | |
| Former | 683 (41) | 146 (42) | 135 (52) | 61 (56) | 372 (43) | |
| Current | 340 (21) | 75 (21) | 64 (25) | 22 (20) | 213 (25) | |
| Alcohol consumption (n above limit‡ (%)) | 59 (4) | 7 (2) | 7 (3) | 3 (3) | 25 (3) | |
| Exercise (no, n (%)) | 397 (24) | 92 (26) | 74 (28) | 40 (37) | 284 (33) | 9 |
| Medication (yes, n (%)) | ||||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 1082 (65) | 228 (65) | 230 (87) | 92 (84) | 635 (74) | |
| Platelet inhibitors | 528 (32) | 144 (41) | 216 (82) | 77 (71) | 503 (59) | |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 45 (3) | 7 (2) | 26 (10) | 17 (16) | 63 (7) | |
| Vitamin K1 (nmol/L) | 0.91 (0.61–1.38) | 0.93 (0.61–1.48) | 0.86 (0.64–1.35) | 0.96 (0.64–1.37) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | 0 |
| Individuals without diabetes | ||||||
| Enrolled, n (%) | 3404 (89) | 113 (3) | 262 (7) | 29 (1) | – | 0 |
| Female, n (%) | 1562 (46) | 31 (27) | 51 (19) | 4 (14) | – | 0 |
| Age (years) | 60 (51–66) | 66 (61–72) | 66 (61–70) | 67 (62–72) | – | 0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 (23–29) | 27 (24–29) | 27 (25–30) | 28 (26–31) | – | 3 |
| Waist:hip ratio (n above limit* (%)) | 2.501 (74) | 89 (79) | 232 (89) | 25 (86) | – | 3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 140 (127–155) | 146 (134–161) | 145 (134–159) | 149 (137–156) | – | 29 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.2 (2.7–3.8) | 3.3 (2.6–3.7) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 2.5 (1.9–2.9) | – | 13 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–1.6) | – | 13 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79 (69–91) | 76 (66–88) | 75 (62–88) | 74 (60–89) | – | 39 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 10 | |||||
| Never | 1390 (41) | 32 (29) | 56 (21) | 10 (34) | – | |
| Former | 1288 (38) | 56 (50) | 148 (57) | 12 (41) | – | |
| Current | 718 (21) | 24 (21) | 57 (22) | 7 (24) | – | |
| Alcohol consumption (n above limit‡ (%)) | 179 (5) | 5 (4) | 7 (3) | 0 (0) | – | 4 |
| Exercise (no, n (%)) | 676 (20) | 27 (24) | 65 (25) | 8 (29) | – | 13 |
| Medication (yes, n (%)) | ||||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 394 (12) | 24 (21) | 166 (63) | 17 (59) | – | |
| Platelet inhibitors | 196 (6) | 25 (22) | 184 (70) | 14 (48) | – | |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 38 (1) | 4 (4) | 20 (8) | 1 (3) | ||
| Vitamin K1 (nmol/L) | 0.92 (0.64–1.39) | 0.95 (0.68–1.63) | 0.88 (0.62–1.43) | 0.90 (0.65–1.08) | – | 0 |
Data presented as median (25th–75th percentile) if nothing else is indicated.
*Individuals in the “Unspecified” group have one or more diabetic diagnosis indicating one or more complications, not specified and therefore impossible assessing to any of the other subgroups.
†Cut-off: ≥0.90 (male); ≥0.85 (female).
‡Recommendations at the time: female below 14 units/male 21 units per week.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.