Table 3.

Multivariable associations between number of conditions and frailty, disability, quality of life and physical performance measurements

Variable	Group	Frail or unable		Who DAS		Quality of life		Time to chair rise		Walk speed		Hand grip strength
		OR	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value	EM	P value
		(95% CI)		(95% CI)		(95% CI)		(95% CI)		(95% CI)		(95% CI)
Sex	Female	Referent	–	11.46	–	55.43	–	15.11	–	0.93		32.62	–
				(10.20 to 12.87)		(54.29 to 56.58)		(14.73 to 15.49)		(0.91 to 0.95)		(44.29 to 45.61)
	Male	1.1	0.460	9.09	<0.001	57.33	0.001	13.35	<0.001	1.05	<0.001	44.95	<0.001
		(0.86 to 1.41)		(8.06 to 10.25)		(56.17 to 58.48)		(13.01 to 13.70)		(1.03 to 1.07)		(44.29 to 45.61)
Age		1.08	<0.001	0.039*	<0.001	−0.314*	<0.001	0.009*	<0.001	−0.007*	<0.001	−0.418*	<0.001
		(1.07 to 1.09)		0.002		0.025		0.001		0.001		0.014
Educational level completed	Some education	Referent	–	8.44	–	57.21	–	13.60	–	1.03	–	39.96	–
				(6.89 to 10.33)		(55.30 to 59.12)		(13.04 to 14.18)		(0.99 to 1.06)		(38.87 to 41.05)
	No education	0.97	0.909	12.35	<0.001	55.55	0.101	14.83	<0.001	0.95	<0.001	37.61	<0.001
		(0.60 to 1.57)		(11.65 to 13.10)		(54.93 to 56.17)		(14.62 to 15.04)		(0.94 to 0.96)		(37.25 to 37.96)
Marital status	Married or cohabiting	–	–	9.48	–	57.08	–	13.95	–	1.00	–	39.14	–
				(8.50 to 10.57)		(56.03 to 58.13)		(13.63 to 14.27)		(0.98 to 1.02)		(38.55 to 39.74)
	Widowed, divorced, single	1.19	0.208	10.99	0.015	55.68	0.04	14.46	0.019	0.97	0.19	38.42	0.067
		(0.91 to 1.56)		(9.62 to 12.57)		(54.30 to 57.05)		(14.02 to 14.91)		(0.95 to 1.00)		(37.64 to 39.21)
Wealth quintile (five is highest)	5	Referent	–	10.36	–	61.4	–	14.56	–	0.99	–	40.94	–
				(9.12 to 11.77)		(60.12 to 62.68)		(14.15 to 14.98)		(0.97 to 1.01)		(40.21 to 41.68)
	4	0.87	0.424	9.79	0.458	58.67	0.001	14.04	0.039	1.03	0.009	39.26	<0.001
		(0.61 to 1.23)		(8.47 to 11.31)		(57.23 to 60.10)		(13.60 to 14.49)		(1.00 to 1.05)		(38.44 to 40.08)
	3	0.62	0.014	10.38	0.987	55.89	<0.001	13.92	0.013	0.99	0.967	38.71	<0.001
		(0.42 to 0.91)		(8.93 to 12.04)		(54.40 to 57.38)		(13.47 to 14.39)		(0.96 to 1.02)		(37.86 to 39.56)
	2	1.06	0.757	10.35	0.987	55.46	<0.001	14.31	0.347	0.98	0.639	38.15	<0.001
		(0.74 to 1.50)		(8.93 to 11.99)		(54.00 to 56.93)		(13.86 to 14.78)		(0.96 to 1.01)		(37.31 to 38.99)
	1	1.25	0.180	10.18	0.816	50.48	<0.001	14.18	0.158	0.95	0.014	36.85	<0.001
		(0.90 to 1.74)		(8.82 to 11.75)		(49.02 to 51.93)		(13.73 to 14.65)		(0.93 to 0.98)		(36.02 to 37.69)
No of conditions		1.47	<0.001	0.267*	<0.001	−2.333*	<0.001	0.010*	0.085	−0.022	<0.001	−0.121*	0.424
		(1.33 to 1.62)		0.023		0.261		0.006		0.005		0.152

*Beta values with SEs.

DAS, Disability Assessment Schedule; EM, estimated marginal mean.