Table 3.

Associations between gender equity and hypothesised intermediate outcomes

	Exposure	Outcome	Analysis	Years	N	Equity gap	Effect	95% CI	Standardised effect	Standardised 95% CI
Gender inequity in income→household income
Duflo and Udry29	Predicted change in women’s income versus predicted change in men’s	Ln total expenditure	2SLS	1985–1988	973	0.71*	0.18	–	0.13	–
McCarthy and Kilic35	Female earn all unpooled income versus men earn all	Total consumption expenditures per capita	OLS FE	2010–2013	3858	0.06*	0.05	−0.03 to 0.13	0.00	0.00 to 0.00
Gender inequity in land or livestock→women’s empowerment
Santos et al36	Women's name on land title (solely or jointly) versus men's name only	Women take decisions about whether to take a loan from a Self Help Group or microfinance institution	PSM and OLS	2012	1035	0.25†	0.14	0.08 to 0.20	0.04	0.02 to 0.05
Santos et al36	Women's name on land title (solely or jointly) versus men's name only	Women take decisions about purchase of productive assets	PSM and OLS	2012	1035	0.25†	0.15	0.07 to 0.23	0.04	0.02 to 0.06
Santos et al36	Women's name on land title (solely or jointly) versus men's name only	Women take decisions about food purchase and consumption decisions	PSM and OLS	2012	1035	0.25†	0.13	0.05 to 0.21	0.03	0.01 to 0.05
Santos et al36	Women's name on land title (solely or jointly) versus men's name only	Women take decisions about how to use the plot of land	PSM and OLS	2012	1035	0.25†	0.13	−0.01 to 0.27	0.03	0.00 to 0.07

*Half of the difference between men and women.

†Assuming all assets should be jointly owned.

FE, fixed effects; Ln, Natural logarithm; OLS, ordinary least squares; PSM, propensity score matching; 2SLS, two-stage least squares.