Table 3.
Relative risk, Population Attributable Risk (PAR) and the number of individuals with abnormal LFTs in the Uganda GPC.
| Variable | ALT * | AST * | ALP* | GGT * | BR* | Fib-4† | APRI†, ‡ | GPR† | AST/ALT† | S-index†, § |
| Alcohol¶ | ||||||||||
| Abnormal result n (%) | 248 (8.5) |
467 (16.0) |
533 (19.6) |
555 (19) | 381 (13.1) |
72 (11.0) |
80 (12.25) |
260 (39.8) |
379 (13.0) |
60 (9.2) |
| RR (95% CI) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
1.5 (1.4–1.7) |
1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
2.9 (2.6–3.4) |
1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
5.0 (3.2–7.7) |
2.3 (1.7–3.2) |
2.7 (2.3–3.2) |
1.3 (1.2–1.5) |
8.7 (4.8–15.6) |
| PAR (%)** | 11.3% | 15.9% | 0.6% | 41.3% | 0.3% | 58.2% | 31.3% | 37.1% | 10.8% | 72.7% |
| Adjusted PAR (%)**†† | 10.0% | 13.9% | −2.6% | 26.7% | 1.0% | 32.4% | 16.2% | 19.4% | 8.0% | 64.0% |
| HIV* | ||||||||||
| Abnormal result n (%) | 71 (11.7) |
144 (23.7) |
142 (24.8) |
227 (37.3) |
21 (3.5) |
‡(1.6) | 14 (11.0) |
73 (57.5) |
59 (9.7) |
15 (11.8) |
| RR (95% CI)† | 1.7 (1.4–2.2) |
2.0 (1.8–2.4) |
1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
4.2 (3.7–4.8) |
0.3 (0.2–0.4) |
0.3 (0.1–1.1) |
1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
2.7 (2.3–3.3) |
0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
3.6 (2.1–6.1) |
| PAR (%)** | 5.3% | 7.3% | 2.2% | 19.5% | −6.0% | −5.09% | 3.1% | 10.5% | −0.9% | 14.7% |
| Adjusted PAR (%)**†† | 4.3% | 6.5% | 1.1% | 17.6% | −6.0% | −4.6% | 1.4% | 8.3% | −0.1% | 13.6% |
| HBV¶ | ||||||||||
| Abnormal result n (%) | 33 (15.0) |
56 (25.4) |
32 (19.5) |
39 (17.7) |
35 (16) |
¶(8.2) | 13 (26.53) |
25 (51.0) |
22 (10.0) |
8 (16.3) |
| RR (95% CI) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) |
2.1 (1.7–2.7) |
0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
1.6 (1.2–2.2) |
1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
1.6 (0.6–4.1) |
1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
2.2 (1.7–3.0) |
0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
4.6 (2.3–9.0) |
| PAR (%)** | 3.1% | 2.9% | −0.2% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 1.5% | 3.1% | 3.1% | −0.2% | 8.6% |
| Adjusted PAR (%)**†† | 3.3% | 2.8% | 0.02% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.4% | 5.7% | 2.9% | −0.3% | 7.6% |
Analysis was done according to ARR for ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and BR.
*Number of abnormal result, RR and PAR (%) are based on individuals who were classified as positives within each variable (ie, alcohol drinkers, HIV positive, HBV positive).
†Threshold used to predict liver fibrosis: APRI>0.7, FIB-4 >3.25, GPR >0.32, RPR >0.825 and S-index >0.3.
‡APRI score calculated using ULN of AST using African reference range.
§An S-index score of >0.3 is suggestive of liver fibrosis
¶ number of abnormal result, RR and PAR (%) are based on individuals who were classified as positives within each variable (ie. Alcohol drinkers, HIV positive, HBV positive)
**A measure of 0 indicates of no association between the risk factor and abnormal LFTs. A positive value indicates that the exposure to the risk factor is a risk factor, while a negative value indicates that it is a protective factor.
††Adjusted for age, sex, alcohol consumption, HBV diagnosis, HIV status, and BMI.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transminase; APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index; ARR, American reference range; AST, aspartate transminase; AST/ALT ratio, aspartate/alanine ratio; BMI, body mass index; BR, total bilirubin; FIB-4, fibrosis 4; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; GPR, GGT to platelet ratio; HBV, hepatitis B virus; LFTs, liver function tests; PAR, population attributable risk; ULN, upper limit of normal.