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. 2020 Apr 20;11:1892. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15751-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Human primary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) were cultured on trans-well inserts for 3 days to establish a monolayer. In all, 10⁵ cfu of S. pneumoniae were added and trans-epithelial electrical resistance readings (TEER) were taken at 6, 12 and 24 h post infection to assess the damage to tight junctions between epithelial cells. White bars represent control uninfected wells. a Comparison between serotype 1 (ST217S) (red bars) and serotype 2 (D39) (black bars) infection. ****P-value < 0.0001. b Comparison between 5 (diagonal hashed bars) and serotype 1 (ST217S). ***P-value = 0.0003, ****P-value < 0.0001. c Comparison between serotype 1 (ST306) (horizontal striped bars) and serotype 1 (ST217S). ***P-value = 0.0001, ****P-value < 0.0001. d Comparison between serotype 1 (ST217S) (red bars) and serotype 1 (ST217S) with the addition of liposomes (red diagonally hashed bars). Clear, diagonally hashed bars represent cells treated with liposomes only. ****P-value < 0.0001. TEER readings were performed in triplicate from duplicate wells from three independent experiments. All statistical analysis was performed using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Error bars represents the SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.