Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of non-pregnant married women (n = 1002)* living in rural Maharashtra: marriage characteristics, fertility preferences, and exposure to intimate partner violence.
| Total (n = 1001) | Past 3-month contraceptive use |
p-value⁎⁎ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any modern method (n = 379)* | Condoms (n = 253) | Pills (n = 32) | IUD (n = 89) | |||
| n (%) | ||||||
| Age mean (SD) | 24·1 (3·0) | 24·6 (2·9) | 24·8 (2·9) | 24·4 (2·6) | 24·0 (2·7) | <0·0001 |
| Partner's age mean (SD) | 29·6 (3·7) | 30·1 (3·7) | 30·3 (4·0) | 29·4 (4·1) | 29·7 (2·7) | <0·0001 |
| Highest education completed | 0·27 | |||||
| None or primary school | 145 (14·5) | 46 (12·1) | 32 (12·7) | 5(15·6) | 9 (10·1) | |
| Secondary school or higher | 856 (85·5) | 333 (87·9) | 221 (87·4) | 27 (84·4) | 80 (89·9) | |
| Partner's education completed | 0·53 | |||||
| None or primary school | 138 (13·8) | 45 (11·9) | 28 (11·1) | 6 (18·8) | 11 (12·4) | |
| Secondary school or higher | 863 (86·2) | 334 (88·1) | 225 (88·9) | 26 (81·2) | 78 (87·6) | |
| Caste | 0·0020 | |||||
| Scheduled caste/tribe or other backward class | 321 (32·1) | 110 (29·0) | 86 (34·0) | 5 (15·6) | 18 (20·2) | |
| General | 680 (67·9) | 269 (71·0) | 167 (66·0) | 27 (84·4) | 71 (79·8) | |
| Family monthly income, USD mean (SD) | 265·9 (263·7) | 281·6 (323·3) | 296·4 (368·6) | 229·2 (183·9) | 263·6 (212·8) | 0·11 |
| Working status in past year | 0·058 | |||||
| Works outside the home for income | 556 (55·5) | 212 (55·9) | 130 (51·4) | 21 (65·6) | 59 (66·3) | |
| Does not work outside the home for income | 445 (44·5) | 167 (44·1) | 123 (48·6) | 11 (34·4) | 30 (33·7) | |
| Marriage characteristics and fertility preferences | ||||||
| Age at marriage, years mean (SD) | 19·4 (2·4) | 19·5 (2·3) | 19·5 (2·4) | 19·4 (2·5) | 19·5 (2·2) | 0·30 |
| Parity mean (SD) | 1·3 (0·7) | 1·4 (0·7) | 1·4 (0·7) | 1·6 (0·7) | 1·4 (0·6) | <0·0001 |
| Family composition | <0·0001 | |||||
| Has no children | 109 (10·9) | 15 (4·0) | 14 (5·5) | 0 | 1 (1·1) | |
| Has only son(s) | 385 (38·5) | 158 (41·7) | 103 (40·7) | 10 (31·3) | 41 (46·1) | |
| Has only daughter(s) | 378 (37·8) | 150 (39·6) | 99 (39·1) | 16 (50·0) | 35 (39·3) | |
| Has both son(s) and daughter(s) | 129 (12·9) | 56 (14·8) | 37 (14·6) | 6 (18·8) | 12 (13·5) | |
| Family planning goals | <0·0001 | |||||
| Wants another child | 597 (59·6) | 206 (54·4) | 140 (55·3) | 15 (46·9) | 49 (55·1) | |
| Does not want another child | 328 (32·8) | 139 (36·7) | 88 (34·8) | 15 (46·9) | 34 (38·2) | |
| Cannot get pregnant | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Undecided | 76 (7·6) | 34 (9·0) | 25 (9·9) | 2 (6·2) | 6 (6·7) | |
| Past 12-month gender-based violence⁎⁎⁎ | ||||||
| Any IPV | 114 (11·4) | 36 (9·5) | 18 (7·1) | 3 (9·4) | 15 (16·9) | 0·087 |
| Physical IPV | 109 (10·9) | 35 (9·2) | 17 (6·7) | 3 (9·4) | 15 (16·9) | 0·075 |
| Sexual IPV | 27 (2·7) | 9 (2·4) | 4 (1·6) | 2 (6·3) | 3 (3·4) | 0·56 |
Four participants reported use of injectables only, and one participant reported use of emergency contraception only. Those five participants are included as users of “any modern method” but given their low frequencies were not included in the categorical outcome variable by method.
p-value from chi2 test for categorical variables or ANOVA for continuous variables, as appropriate, for comparisons by type of modern contraceptive.
Women could report either or both forms of violence. 22 women reported both physical and sexual IPV, and they are included in each category.