Table 1.

Indigenous medicinal uses of Ziziphus mucronata.

Country	Plant part used	Medicinal uses	Reference(s)
South Africa	Roots	Menorrhagia, infertility if women, tooth ache, scrofula, sexually transmitted infections including gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Roots are also used to treat diarrhoea, snake bites, body pains, chest problems and dysentery in humans.	[51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65]
	Stem barks	Fever, dysentery, rheumatism, respiratory and chest ailments including cough, snake bites, body pains and tuberculosis.	[63, 64, 65, 66, 67]
	Stem barks	Ethno-veterinary purposes, ring worm.	[48, 67, 69]
	Roots	Ethno-veterinary purposes.	[47]
	Leaves	Tuberculosis and diarrhoea in humans.	[59, 60]
	Whole plant	Sores, boils, swelling and diabetes	[36, 62, 68]
Botswana	Stem bark	Tooth ache	[56]
Zimbabwe	Roots	Abdominal pains, infertility in women, bilharzia, cholera, bladder infections and wounds.	[50, 70, 71, 72]
Mozambique	Roots	Stomach-ache, muscular pains and constipation	[73]
	Leaves	Abdominal pains, infertility in women and wounds.	[72]
Tanzania	Roots	Tonic, colds, lumbago, tumours, foetus disposition, aphrodisiac, stomach-ache, chest pains and hypertension.	[74, 75, 76]
Kenya	Stem bark	Abdominal pains, diarrhoea, common colds and cough.	[57]
	Roots	Boils, skin infections and pulmonary related infections.	[77]
Bukina Faso	Fruits	Relieves pain and inflammation.	[49]
	Roots	Tooth ache and other oral infections.	[49]
Mali	Roots	Urinary tract infections, psychological problems and intestinal infections	[55]
Zambia	Stem barks	Treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia.	[54]
	Leaves	Ulcers and gonorrhoea.	[78]
	Roots	Management of HIV-AIDS related infections including pneumonia and STIs such as syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia	[79]
	Whole plant	Arthritis, chest pains, digestive disorders, weakness, liver complaints, obesity, urinary troubles, diabetes, skin infections, loss of appetite, fever, pharyngitis, bronchitis, anaemia, diarrhoea and insomnia	[80]
Nigeria	Leaves	Depression.	[81]
	Whole plant	Mellitus diabetes	[82, 83]
Namibia	Whole plant	Gonorrhoea, skin allergy, rush and sore fingers.	[72]
	Roots	Ethno-veterinary purposes. Roots are also used to treat diarrhoea with some stools in the blood, tuberculosis, vomiting and stomach ulcers.	[53, 84]
Angola	Roots	Urogenital infections, sore throat, mouth ulcers and diarrhoea.	[85]
Benin	Roots	Oedema	[86]
Senegal	Whole plant	Sexually related infections in humans, diabetes, dysentery and leprosy.	[87]