Table 2.

Other betalain stabilization methods: advantages and disadvantages

Methods	Observations	Advantages/disadvantages	References
Complex formation (inorganic matrices such as γ-alumina)	Stabilize the pigment for more than twenty months	High stability / lower solubility and possible aggregate formation	Pérez-Ramírez et al. (2015), Lima et al. (2009), Molina et al. (2014)
Copigmentation (metals, phenols, alkaloids, and organic acids)	Promotes color retention for up to 6 months at 5 °C	Increase color intensity and stability / Low stability in purified pigments	Khan et al. (2015), Khan and Giridhar (2014), Trouillas et al. (2016)