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. 2020 Apr 20;10:6638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63439-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time calibrated sauropodomorph phylogenetic relationships with emphasis on different body proportioned taxa. Different body proportions for sauropodomorph dinosaurs include (1) facultative quadrupedalism and medium height browsing in non-sauropod sauropodomorphs (e.g. Melanorosaurus) with non-wedged sacrum; (2) obligatory quadrupedalism and medium height browsing in basally branching sauropods with longer forelimbs but no wedged sacrum (e.g. Kotasaurus); (3) medium-high browsing in non-neosauropod eusauropods, with longer necks and forelimbs and an acute wedged sacrum (e.g. Spinophorosaurus); (4) medium-ground level browsing in dicraeosaurid and rebbachisaurid diplodocoid sauropods, with short necks, shorter forelimbs than non-neosauropod sauropodomorphs but with acute wedged sacrum and obtuse wedged dorsal vertebrae (e.g. Dicraeosaurus); (5) medium-height browsing in basally branching macronarian sauropods, with a wedge shaped sacrum and retroverted pelvis (e.g. Camarasaurus); (6) extreme high browsing in brachiosaurid sauropods, with extremely elongated necks, humeri longer than femora and extremely wedged sacra (e.g. Brachiosaurus); (7) extreme high browsing in euhelopodid titanosauriforms, with extremely long necks and extremely wedged sacra (e.g. Euhelopus); and (8) medium-low browsing in some lithostrotian titanosaurs, with shorter forelimbs than other titanosaurs and titanosauriforms but still retaining a wedged sacrum and with obtuse wedged dorsal vertebrae (e.g. Saltasaurini). A wedged sacrum is only found in Eusauropoda, and albeit the degree of wedging varies among sauropods, it never returns to the basal condition. Schematic bones obtained directly from digitized 3D models, except in Melanorosaurus⁵³, Kotasaurus³⁹, Dicraeosaurus^54,55 and Euhelopus⁵⁶, where photographs were used as reference. Femora and humeri are proportioned to each other following Table 1. Schematic bone color coding: rectangular sacra (blue); acute wedged sacra (red); obtuse wedged mid-dorsal vertebrae (yellow and green). Time callibration of nodes after Xu et al.⁴⁷.