Table 2.

Keratin based biomaterials for various biomedical applications.

	COMPOSITION		PROCESSING CONDITIONS	APPLICATIONS	REF
1.	Keratin dialysate (aq) with alkaline keratin dialysate		Glycerol (1%) was used as a softening agent. Curing of aqueous/alkaline keratin dialysate for 2 h at 100 °C.	Wound healing of corneal epithelial was observed in vitro	[177]
2.	Photo active keratin derived films		Films were doped with varying concentrations of methylene blue	Photodynamic therapy treatment, wound healing, tissue engineering	[178]
3.	Keratin film crosslinked by transglutaminase (TG)		18 h treatment with TGase (30 U/g keratin) at 40 °C	Drug delivery, improve stability in artificial gastric juice environment	[179]
4.	Photo cross-linkable keratin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels via the thiol-norborene “click” reaction		Thiol–norborene click reaction to fabricate keratin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels. Eosin Y used as a photoinitiator	2-D & 3-D cell culture substrates, microfabrication techniques such as photopatterning, wet spinning.	[180]
5.	Keratin film		Mixing ratios of keratin dialysate and alkaline keratin dialysate were 100, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 50/50.	Reconstruction of ocular surface	[126]
6.	Keratin film		Glycerol and shindai keratin dried for about 24 h in a 50 °C ventilated oven.	These films continuously released loaded Rhodamine B for 12 h.	[181]
7.	Keratin, chitosan/gelatine 1:1:2 (w/w)	Gelatine concentration in solution was 5 mg/ml. Keratin & chitosan was 2.5 mg/ml each. Frozen at −40 °C		soft tissue engineering	[182]
8.	Keratin -chitosan	CH solutions 2% (w/v), ethylene glycol (1.5 ml).		Wound dressing material	[183]
9.	PLA/chitosan/keratin composites	A 111: PLA (70%), chitosan (30%). A121: PLA (68%), chitosan (30%), keratin (2%). A131: PLA (66%), chitosan (30%), keratin (4%)		Facilitates attachment and proliferation of osteoblast	[184]
10.	Keratin/poly (vinyl alcohol) composite	10% keratin poly (vinyl alcohol) cross linked with 10% glyoxal		Nano fibres with high optical transmittance	[185]
11.	Keratin wound dressing	Porcine lethal extremity hemorrhage model		As hemostatic material	[186]
12.	Keratin gel	Feather-keratin derived hydrogel		The drug release rate was 97% at pH 8.4 for 24 h.	[187]
13.	Keratin gel	Human hair keratin alkylation		Act as a substrate for cellular attachment and proliferation, delivery of therapeutic agents	[188]
14.	Hydrogels in injectable forms	-		For repairing cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction.	[189]
15.	Keratin hydrogel	Glycerol (3%) to formulate 20% (w/v) solution.		Pupal tissue regeneration	[190]
16.	Keratin hydrogel	-		Fibroblasts culturing	[191]
17.	Recombinant keratin proteins	Two recombinant trichocyte keratins expressed by using a bacterial expression system. Recombinant keratin nanoparticles prepared by ultrasonic dispersion technique.		Dermal wound healing	[192]
18.	Keratin hydrogel	Konjac glucomannan (KGM), human hair proteins (KER), ethanolic extract of Avena sativa (OAT)		Dressing material for diabetic wounds.	[193]
19.	Keratin based therapeutic dermal patches	Mixing keratin and exopolysaccharide solutions in defined concentrations. Blended solution exposed to −20 °C for 3 days followed by placing in 90% ethanol containing 1% CaCl₂ for 15 min. Incubation of frozen dermal patches at 37 °C.		Wound healing	[194]
20.	Keratin/poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibers	Keratose/PVA mass ratios (1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7). Electrospinning parameters (voltage, flow rate, tip, and receptor distance) were optimized. Collection of keratose/PVA blended nanofibers on nylon gauze followed by drying at room temperature.		Tissue engineering.	[195]
21.	Keratin derived eco-friendly bioplastic film	Bioplastic film fabrication using glycerol (3.5%), microcrystalline cellulose (0.2%) in NaOH at 60 °C for 48 h.		Biopolymer, biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.	[196]