Table 2.
Awareness of Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke Among Adolescents
| Chemical | Wave 1 2014–2015 (%) |
Wave 2 2016–2017 (%) |
Difference (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,3-Butadiene | 7.8 | 12.3 | 4.5 (−3.4 to 12.4) | .263 |
| 1-Aminoaphthalene | 13.6 | 11.4 | −2.1 (−101 to 5.9) | .601 |
| 2-Aminonaphthalene | 13.2 | 9.6 | −3.6 (11.1 to 3.9) | .347 |
| 4-Aminobiphenyl | 13.0 | 4.8 | −8.2 (−14.1 to −2.4) | .005 |
| Acetaldehyde | 18.1 | 17.1 | −1.1 (−11.2 to 9.0) | .837 |
| Acrolein | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.0 (−4.0 to 7.9) | .519 |
| Acrylonitrile | 13.6 | 13.9 | 0.3 (−8.5 to 9.1) | .950 |
| Ammonia | 47.4 | 36.0 | −11.4 (−23.4 to 0.6) | .062 |
| Arsenic | 41.9 | 29.0 | −12.9 (−25.0 to −0.8) | .036 |
| Benzene | 37.2 | 24.4 | −12.8 (-24.4 to −1.1) | .032 |
| Benzo-a-pyrene | 15.3 | 11.7 | −3.6 (−12.8 to 5.7) | .450 |
| Carbon monoxide | 58.8 | 45.0 | −13.8 (−27.5 to −0.0) | .049 |
| Crotonaldehyde | 19.8 | 19.6 | −0.3 (−10.0 to 9.5) | .957 |
| Formaldehyde | 41.4 | 33.3 | −8.1 (−20.7 to 4.4) | .203 |
| Hydrogen cyanide | 32.9 | 25.5 | −7.4 (−18.6 to 3.8) | .192 |
| Isoprene | 18.0 | 13.7 | −4.3 (−14.0 to 5.3) | .378 |
| Lead | 33.5 | 32.4 | −1.0 (−12.9 to 10.9) | .866 |
| Naphthalene | 20.0 | 7.3 | −12.6 (−20.8 to −4.5) | .003 |
| Nicotine | 92.4 | 90.3 | −2.1 (−9.6 to 5.5) | .587 |
| Nitrosamine | 20.8 | 11.7 | −9.1 (−17.2 to −1.0) | .028 |
| N-nitrosonornicotine | 61.8 | 55.6 | −6.2 (−20.0 to 7.6) | .376 |
| NNK | 12.7 | 11.9 | −0.8 (−9.8 to 8.3) | .866 |
| Toluene | 11.1 | 9.0 | −2.1 (−10.0 to 5.9) | .605 |
| Uranium | 19.4 | 6.2 | −13.2 (−21.2 to −5.2) | .001 |
| Overall | 27.9 | 21.7 | −6.2 (−8.4 to −4.0) | <.001 |
2014–2015 n = 1125; 2016–2017 n = 975. The ns for each chemical differ slightly but are comparable. Percentages are weighted. NNK = nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone. The threshold value of statistical significance is p = .05.