Fig. 1.

Schematic illustration of the trial procedure of the different conditions. Each trial begins with Buzz Lightyear entering the scene and rolling a ball on a table with an occluder. The ball either comes to rest behind the occluder or off-screen. Buzz (i.e. the agent) then leaves the scene, thinking the ball is either behind the occluder (A+) or not (A−). Subsequently, in half of the trials, the ball remains stationary. In the other half, it changes location. Finally, Buzz returns to the scene. Thus, while the participant always knows whether the ball is behind the occluder (P+) or not (P−), in half of the scenarios, Buzz falsely believes the ball to be somewhere else than where it really is. At the end of each movie, the occluder falls, revealing, independent of the participant’s or agent’s belief, that the ball is either present or absent. The current figure was taken from Nijhof et al. (2018), where it was published under a CC BY licence.