Table 1.
Biodistribution studies of gadolinium‐containing carbon nanomaterials as contrast agents (in chronological order)
| Nanomaterial | Animal model | Dose administered | Biological response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gd@C82(OH)40 | CDF1 mice | 5 μmol Gd/kg | Gd@C82(OH)40 found in the reticular‐endothelial system | 12 |
| Gd@C82(OH)40 | CDF1 mice | 5 μmol Gd/kg | Gd‐fullerenols observed in the reticular‐endothelial system | 44 |
| Gd@C60[C(COOH)2]10 | Fischer 344 female rats | 35 mg/kg | Reticular‐endothelial system with polyhydroxyl fullerene | 45 |
| Gd@C82(OH)22 | Kunming mice (tumour model) | 114 and 228 µg/kg and 10‐7 mol/kg | Antineoplastic activity | 75 |
| Gd3N@C80[DiPEG5000‐(OH)x] | Fischer 344 female rats (glioma tumour Model) | 0.0131 mmol/L | No toxic effect | 51 |
| Gd@C82(OH)40 | Sprague‐Dawley rats | Human mesenchymal stem cells stained with 1.19 × 10−10 mg per cell | No toxic effect | 30 |
| Gd@C82(OH)22 | C57BL/6 mice (tumour model) | 0.1 or 0.5 mmol/kg | Immune system response | 76 |
| Gd3N@C80(OH)∼26(CH2CH2COOm)∼16 | Fischer 344T9 rats with brain tumours | 0.0475 mmol/L | Prolonged presence of contrast at 7 d post‐injection | 98 |
| Gd3N@C80[DiPEG350 (OH)x] | Brain tumour model | 0.0235 mmol/L | Nanoparticles remained after 7 d | 99 |
| Gd3N@C80(IL‐13 peptide) | Athymic Nu/Un, brain tumour model | 0.2 μL/mL | Preferential accumulation in tumours | 27 |
| 177Lu‐DOTA‐f‐Gd3N@C80 | Brain tumour model | 1.11 MBq of 177 Lu‐DOTA‐f‐Gd3N@C 80 | Nearly 37.5% of the complex remained intact after 52 d | 89 |
| Gd@C82(OH)22 | BALB/c mice | 2 μmol/kg (once a day for 6 times) | Inflammatory response | 81 |
|
MWNT/GdL GdL = Gd(III) + DTPA |
BALB/c mice | 50 µL of 0.05 mmol/L GdL | 100% survival of animals after over 1 mo | 100 |
| Gd‐SWCNTs | Wistar rats | 0.5 mg/kg | No inflammation or organ damage, but a differential effect at the genomic level | 82 |
|
Gd‐CNTs Gd = Gd(III) + DTPA |
C57/Bl6 mice | 5.75 μmol/kg | Signal enhancement in the liver and spleen, and to a much greater extent in the bladder | 72 |
| 64Cu@GNTs | Normal, tumour‐free athymic nude mice | 7.4‐11.1 MBq of surfactant‐wrapped 64Cu@GNTs | Greater accumulation in the lungs | 60 |
| IL‐13‐Gd3N@C80(OH)x(NH2)y | Brain tumour model | ~250 µL (~0.25 nmol) | Preferential accumulation in tumours | 23 |
|
Gd@C82(O)10(OH)22 Gd@C82(O)10(OH)16 |
BALB/c mice | 48 μmol/kg | Nanoparticles accumulated in the reticular‐endothelial system | 90 |
|
NDs‐Gd Gd = Gd(III) + DOTA |
SCID‐beige mice | Cells labelled with NDG at a concentration of 500 μmol/L Gd(III) | Preferential accumulation in tumours | 29 |
| ZD2‐Gd3N@C80 | Tumour model | 1.7 μmol/kg−1 | Dense accumulation in tumours | 25 |
| MWCNT‐Gd@PDA‐PEG | Male nude mice | 50 mL of 3 mg/mL | Preferential accumulation in tumours and in regional lymph nodes | 65 |
| PEG‐GMF‐PPy NP | Tumour model | 100 μL (Gd concentration: 50 ppm) of PEG‐GMF‐PPy | Preferential accumulation in tumours and no noticeable organ damage | 101 |