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. 2017 Feb 17:2–43.e19. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-35775-3.00001-1

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Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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E-Figure 1-14 — Squamous Metaplasia, Esophagus, Parrot.

A, The esophageal mucosa has multiple white raised nodules from squamous metaplasia of mucosal glands. Metaplasia arose from the lack of dietary vitamin A (avitaminosis A). B, Note the squamous metaplasia of the esophageal glands. Vitamin A is necessary for maintenance of the normal epithelium. Avitaminosis A results in the replacement of normal mucosal epithelium and goblet cells in the glands by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. H&E stain.

(Courtesy Dr. M.D. McGavin, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee.)