Table 2.
Inequities in full vaccination coverage in Ethiopia by socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, and child characteristics. Inequities in full vaccination coverage (1-dose BCG, 3-dose DTP3-HepB-Hib, 3-dose polio, 1-dose measles (MCV1), 3-dose PCV3, and 2-dose rotavirus vaccines) among children aged 12–23 months by socioeconomic (household wealth, religion, ethnicity), geographic (area of residence, region), maternal (maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal marital status, sex of household head), and child (sex of child, birth order) characteristics, based on simple logistic regression estimates of crude odds ratios (mean and 95% confidence intervals).
| Characteristics | Population in each subgroup n (N = 2,004) |
Mean full coverage (%) |
Odds Ratio | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household wealth (quintiles) | ||||
| poorest (referent) | 504 | 19.2 (13.0, 25.5) |
<0.0001 | |
| poorer | 396 | 31.0 (23.9, 38.1) |
1.88 (1.13, 3.13) |
|
| middle | 450 | 29.9 (22.9, 36.9) |
1.79 (1.04, 3.06) |
|
| richer | 366 | 39.7 (31.3, 48.1) |
2.76 (1.62, 4.69) |
|
| richest | 288 | 58.3 (47.6, 69.0) |
5.87values for 95% CI should be on the same level in the final version of the table (as in table 1) (3.16, 10.88) |
|
| Religion | ||||
| Muslim (referent) | 786 | 24.0 (18.1, 30.0) |
<0.0001 | |
| Christian | 1171 | 40.8 (36.1, 45.6) |
2.18 (1.50, 3.18) |
|
| Traditional and other | 47 | 0.3 (-0.3, 0.9) |
0.01 (0.00, 0.06) |
|
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Somali (referent) | 72 | 21.4 (11.8, 31.0) |
<0.0001 | |
| Amhara | 419 | 44.3 (36.0, 52.6) |
2.92 (1.50, 5.68) |
|
| Oromo | 824 | 24.0 (17.9, 30.0) |
1.16 (0.60, 2.24) |
|
| Tigray | 155 | 62.5 (53.8, 71.2) |
6.11 (3.09, 12.10) |
|
| other | 534 | 32.2 (25.7, 38.7) |
1.74 (0.91, 3.32) |
|
| Area of residence | ||||
| rural (referent) | 1772 | 29.7 (25.7, 33.6) |
<0.0001 | |
| urban | 232 | 60.9 (48.2, 73.6) |
3.69 (2.10, 6.51) |
|
| Region | ||||
| Afar (referent) | 20 | 12.4 (3.6, 21.2) |
<0.0001 | |
| Tigray | 152 | 62.1 (52.8, 71.4) |
11.60 (4.71, 28.56) |
|
| Amhara | 364 | 39.9 (30.8, 48.9) |
4.69 (1.92, 11.47) |
|
| Oromia | 881 | 24.3 (17.9, 30.6) |
2.27 (0.94, 5.48) |
|
| Somali | 76 | 19.9 (10.5, 29.3) |
1.76 (0.65, 4.80) |
|
| Benishangul | 21 | 51.6 (40.1, 63.2) |
7.56 (2.97, 19.24) |
|
| Southern Nations, Nationalities & People | 419 | 31.7 (24.1, 39.2) |
3.28 (1.36, 7.93) |
|
| Gambela | 5 | 36.5 (25.8, 47.2) |
4.07 (16.0, 10.35) |
|
| Harari | 5 | 40.4 (28.8, 52.0) |
4.80 (1.87, 12.32) |
|
| Addis Ababa | 52 | 81.6 (73.7, 89.5) |
31.39 (11.96, 82.41) |
|
| Dire Dawa | 9 | 65.5 (51.9, 79.0) |
13.41 (4.89, 36.80) |
|
| Maternal age at birth (years) | ||||
| 15–19 (referent) | 238 | 29.5 (20.8, 38.1) |
0.03 | |
| 20–34 | 1425 | 35.7 (31.5, 39.9) |
1.33 (0.88, 2.02) |
|
| 35–49 | 341 | 25.9 (18.6, 33.2) |
0.84 (0.49, 1.42) |
|
| Maternal education | ||||
| none (referent) | 1257 | 26.1 (22.0, 30.3) |
<0.0001 | |
| primary | 577 | 39.4 (33.2, 45.6) |
1.84 (1.36, 2.49) |
|
| secondary or higher | 170 | 65.3 (51.3, 79.2) |
5.31 (2.77, 10.17) |
|
| Maternal marital status | ||||
| Not married or formerly married (referent) | 107 | 26.8 (15.1, 38.5) |
0.04 | |
| Married, not residing with partner | 155 | 23.0 (14.1, 32.0) |
0.82 (0.37, 1.81) |
|
| Married and residing with partner | 1742 | 34.6 (30.6, 38.6) |
1.45 (0.80, 2.61) |
|
| Sex of household head | ||||
| male (referent) | 1705 | 34.7 (30.6, 38.8) |
0.01 | |
| female | 299 | 25.2 (18.5, 31.9) |
0.64 (0.44, 0.91) |
|
| Sex of child | ||||
| male (referent) | 926 | 31.6 (26.4, 36.9) |
0.36 | |
| female | 1078 | 34.7 (29.8, 39.6) |
1.15 (0.85, 1.55) |
|
| Birth order | ||||
| 4th born or higher (referent) | 1028 | 27.5 (23.0, 32.0) |
0.0001 | |
| First to 3rd born | 976 | 39.4 (34.2, 44.5) |
1.71 (1.31, 2.24) |
|