Table 1.
The effect and mechanism of PPARγ ligands in bladder cancer.
| Type of Ligands | Cell Type | Type of Effect | Mechanism | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone |
5637, UMUC3 | cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction |
inhibition the phosphorylation of Akt (Thr308 and Ser473) and its down-stream molecules including S6, PRAS40 and GSK-3α | 2019 | 14 |
| 4-nitrophenol | T24, HUC | promote cellular proliferation, migration and invasion, inhibit adhesion and apoptosis |
Bax and E‐cadherin were decreased, N‐cadherin, vimentin, snail, and slug were increased. the expression levels of cancer‐promoting genes HIF‐1, IL‐1β, VEGFα and K‐Ras were enhanced, but p53, PTEN and BRCA were decreased | 2019 | 113 |
| Pioglitazone | NUTE, J82 | cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction |
downregulate the protein levels of p53 and cyclin D1 | 2018 | 123 |
| 15d-PGJ2 | T24, 5637 | cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, sphere formation inhibiton |
downregulate the expression of the stemness-related genes, Oct4 and Nanog. facilitate the generation of ROS | 2014 | 78 |
| Troglitazone | T24 | induces autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis |
increase the ratio of LC3-II and the phosphorylation of AMPKα. attenuate the phosphorylation of both mTOR and S6K1 | 2014 | 116 |
| DIM-Cs | UM-UC1, UM-UC3, UM-UC5, UM-UC6, UM-UC13, RT4、253JP, 253J-BV, KU7 | inhibit cell growth and render the resistant cells sensitive to EGFR inhibition | proximal promoters of PPARγ posses CEBP regulatory elements | 2013 | 46 |
| Beta-eleostearic acid (β-ESA) | T24 | apoptosis induction | ROS-mediated pathway | 2012 | 108 |
| Ciglitazone | RT4, T24 | cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction |
overexpression of p53, p21waf1/CIP1 and p27Kip1. decrease of cyclin B1. increase membrane-bound TRAIL | 2011 | 114 |
| Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone | RT4, T24 | cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction |
upregulation of soluble and/or membrane-bound TRAIL. increased cell surface death receptor 5 expression. downregulation of c-FLIP and survivin | 2010 | 115 |
| Telmisartan | T24, Caki-1 | cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction |
induce DNA fragmentation | 2010 | 109 |
| Troglitazone, 15d-PGJ2 |
T24 | apoptosis induction | vascular endothelial cell growth factor, mutated p53 | 2009 | 110 |
| 1,1-bis(3-indolyl)-1-(p-substitutedphenyl) methanes (DIM-Cs) | KU7, 253J-BV | cell growth Inhibition | induced caveolin-1 and p21 expression | 2006 | 111 |
| LY 293111 | MCF7, BT 474, SK-BR-3, LL 86, H460,SW480, COLO320/HSR, RT4, HT1197 | synergistic to additive effects with gemcitabine in bladder cancer cell lines | 2004 | 112 |