Table 1.
Summary of cases of the acute haematological complications observed in patients with AKU reported in the literature.
| Age (yrs) Gender |
Primary illness | Trigger | MetHb present/max concentration (%) |
Treatment | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 Male |
Arthropathy Type 2 diabetes CKD |
Exacerbation of COAD Metabolic acidosis Haemolysis |
Yes 34 |
Methylene blue | Death | [12] |
| 66 Female |
Aortic valve surgery COAD Hereditary telangiectasias Diabetes |
AKI Sepsis |
Yes No value reported |
Unknown | Death | [13] |
| 59 Male |
CKD | Exacerbation of CKD Metabolic acidosis Haemolysis Sepsis |
Yes 29.9 |
Haemodialysis Methylene blue Vitamin C Transfusion |
Death | [14] |
| 79 Male |
Arthropathy | AKI Sepsis |
Yes 27.9 |
Transfusion Vitamin C |
Death | [15] |
| 24 Male |
CKD Hypertension Epilepsy |
Exacerbation of CKD Haemolysis Metabolic acidosis |
No | Haemodialysis/filtration N-Acetyl cysteine Vitamin C Transfusion |
Death | [16] |
| 50 Female |
None | AKI Sepsis |
Yes 26.8 |
Haemodialysis Methylene blue Transfusion |
Death | [17] |
| 27 Male |
CKD Renal transplant Aortic insufficiency ?Erythropoeitic protoporphyria |
Haemolysis Thromocytopenia Acute liver failure |
No | Haemodialysis Antibiotics Transfusion |
Death | [18] |
| 72 Female |
Diabetes mellitus Gastric ulcers Ischaemic heart disease Arthropathy |
AKI Dehydration |
Yes 43.6 |
Methylene blue Ascorbic acid Renal replacement therapy Transfusion |
Death | [19] |
| 63 Male |
CKD Hypertension |
Urosepsis Hydronephrosis Calculi Exacerbation of CKD Metabolic acidosis Haemolysis |
Yes 25.1 |
Haemodialysis/filtration N-Acetyl cysteine Vitamin C Transfusion |
Death | [20] |
| 63 Female |
1 week history of anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain | AKI Haemolysis Not known to have AKU, diagnosed at post mortem |
Yes No value reported |
Plasmaphoresis Exchange transfusion |
Death | [21] |
| 60 Female |
ESRF Arthropathy Mitral valve replacement Anaemia |
3 day history of weakness Anaemia |
Yes 24.5 |
Exchange transfusion Methylene blue Haemodialysis Antibiotics |
Death | [22] |
|
48 Male |
Asthma Umbilical hernia Renal stones Knee arthroplasty |
Pain to left side Nausea and vomiting Ascites Anaemia Jaundice |
Yes >30 |
Haemodialysis Vitamin C |
Death | Current case |
CKD – chronic kidney disease; AKI – acute kidney injury; COAD – chronic obstructive airways disease; MetHb – methaemoglobin; ESRF – end stage renal failure. All bold text represent abnormal results - outside of the reference interval.
Adapted from Davison et al. [23].