Table 2.
Patient demographics and outcomes in patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery in late-time period (2014-15) - comparison between no epidural analgesia and epidural analgesia
| MIS 2014-15 (n=308) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No epidural (n=150) | Epidural (n=158) | P | ||
| Age | 68 (62, 74) | 70 (62, 76) | 0.077 | |
| Sex | Female | 94 (63%) | 106 (67%) | 0.5 |
| Male | 56 (37%) | 52 (33%) | ||
| Smoking status | Never | 30 (20%) | 34 (22%) | 0.4 |
| Former | 102 (68%) | 112 (71%) | ||
| Current | 18 (12%) | 12 (8%) | ||
| COPD history | 33 (22%) | 36 (23%) | 0.9 | |
| CVD history | 29 (19%) | 25 (16%) | 0.5 | |
| DM history | 21 (14%) | 18 (11%) | 0.5 | |
| CCI | 0 | 87 (58%) | 90 (57%) | 0.9 |
| 1 | 41 (27%) | 39 (25%) | ||
| 2 | 15 (10%) | 20 (13%) | ||
| ≥3 | 7 (5%) | 9 (6%) | ||
| BMI | 26 (23, 30) | 27 (23, 31) | 0.9 | |
| FEV1 (%) | 96 (84, 106) | 98 (85, 110) | 0.5 | |
| DLCO (%) | 83 (72, 98) | 82 (68, 96) | 0.5 | |
| Resected lobe | RUL | 59 (39%) | 50 (32%) | 0.2 |
| RML | 10 (7%) | 9 (6%) | ||
| RLL | 24 (16%) | 42 (27%) | ||
| LUL | 33 (22%) | 37 (23%) | ||
| LLL | 24 (16%) | 20 (13%) | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | 2.1 (1.6, 3.0) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.2) | 0.9 | |
| pStage | 1 | 121 (81%) | 123 (78%) | 0.6 |
| ≥2 | 29 (19%) | 35 (22%) | ||
| Histology | Adenocarcinoma | 121 (81%) | 143 (91%) | 0.15 |
| Squamous | 22 (15%) | 11 (7%) | ||
| Adenosquamous | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | ||
| Large/pleomorphic | 5 (3%) | 3 (2%) | ||
| Outcomes | ||||
| LOS | 3 (2, 5) | 4 (3, 5) | 0.038 | |
| Grade 2* morbidity (any) | 17 (11%) | 16 (10%) | 0.9 | |
| Grade 2* morbidity (respiratory) | 9 (6%) | 10 (6%) | 1 | |
| Grade 2* morbidity (cardiovascular) | 8 (5%) | 8 (5%) | 1 | |
| Severe# morbidity (any) | 7 (5%) | 11 (7%) | 0.5 | |
| Severe# morbidity (respiratory) | 6 (4%) | 5 (3%) | 0.8 | |
| Severe# morbidity (cardiovascular) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 0.5 | |
| 30-day mortality | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 0.5 | |
Data are number (%) or median (25%, 75%).
*
Grade 2 determined by common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE).
#
CTCAE grade ≥3.
BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DLCO, diffusion capacity of th e lungs for carbon monoxide; DM, diabetes mellitus; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LOS, length of stay; MIS, minimally invasive surgery;pStage, pathologic stage.