Table 1.

Demographic and criminological characteristics among the female prisoners (n=2,703).

Variables	Categories	Numbers	Percentages (%)
Education a
	Low	999	37.0
	Medium	1,510	55.9
	High	194	7.2
Ethnicity
	Han	2,453	90.8
	Tujia ethnicity	98	3.6
	Miao ethnicity	69	2.5
	Others	83	3.1
Residence
	Urban	1,840	68.1
	Rural	863	31.9
Employment
	Unemployed	1,162	43.0
	Employed	1,541	57.0
Marriage
	Single	465	17.2
	Cohabitation	108	4.0
	Married	1,170	43.2
	Divorce	702	26.0
	Widowed	258	9.5
Incomeb
	Low	66	2.5
	Medium	1,639	60.6
	High	998	36.9
Previous offencec
	No	2,520	93.2
	Yes	183	6.8
Family drug use history
	No	2,497	92.4
	Yes	206	7.6
Family alcohol use history
	No	982	36.3
	Yes	1,721	63.7
Family criminal history
	No	2,332	86.1
	Yes	377	13.9
Family psychotic diseases history
	No	2,540	94.0
	Yes	163	6.0
Index Offencec
	Violentd	844	31.2
	Drug	1,003	37.1
	Non-violente	856	31.7
Sentence group c	(months)
	0–12	33	1.2
	13–60	727	26.9
	61–120	620	22.9
	121–240	589	21.8
	lifetime	734	27.2

^aEducation level ≤ 6 years was defined as low, 6 years < education level ≤ 12 years was defined as medium, education level > 12 years or college was defined as high.

^bMonthly Income ≤ poverty threshold (¥2,300 = $378.9 per person per year in 2013 in China) was defined as low, poverty threshold < monthly income ≤ per capita disposable income (¥23,414 = $3,807 per person per year in 2013 in Hunan) was defined as medium, monthly income > per capital disposable income was defined as high.

^cBased on self-report.

^dViolent offence includes homicide, assault, robbery, abduction, and arson.

^eNon-violent offence includes theft, fraud, bribery, etc.