Table 3.

Single infections and co-infections for the VBP studied in stray dogs from Kathmandu, Nepal

Vector-borne pathogen		No. of PCR-positive dogs (%)	95% CI
Single infections		28 (40.00)	28.5–51.5
Ehrlichia canis		9 (12.86)	5.0–20.7
Anaplasma platys		7 (10.00)	3.0–17.0
Hepatozoon canis		5 (7.14)	1.1–13.2
Leishmania donovani species complex		4 (5.71)	0.3–11.2
Babesia vogeli		2 (2.86)	0–6.8
Theileria spp.a		1 (1.43)	0–4.2
Co-infections		29 (41.43)	29.9–53.0
Co-infection (2 VBP)	E. canis + H. canis	4 (5.71)	0.3–11.2
	A. platys + H. canis	4 (5.71)	0.3–11.2
	A. platys + Theileria spp.	3 (4.28)	0–9.0
	B. gibsoni + A. platys	2 (2.86)	0–6.8
	L. donovani complex + E. canis	2 (2.86)	0–6.8
	L. donovani complex + H. canis	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	L. donovani complex + A. platys	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	B. vogeli + L. donovani complex	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	Theileria spp. + H. canis	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	A. platys + B. vogeli	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
Co-infection (3 VBP)	Theileria spp. + A. platys + H. canis	2 (2.86)	0–6.8
	B. vogeli + E. canis + H. canis	2 (2.86)	0–6.8
	B. vogeli + E. canis + L. donovani complex	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	B. gibsoni + E. canis + H. canis	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	B. vogeli + A. platys + L. donovani complex	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	Theileria spp. + H. canis + L. donovani complex	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
	Theileria spp. + A. platys + L. donovani complex	1 (1.43)	0–4.2
Total		57 (81.43)	72.3–90.5

^aTheileria spp.: sequences compatible with Theileria spp. (sequences were not further confirmed by amplification of the long 18S sequence)

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval